Radiolabeled 1 14c glycine betaine

Ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine were kindly provided by the bitop AG (Witten, Germany). Anhydrotetracycline-hydrochloride (AHT) was purchased from IBA GmbH (Göttingen, Germany). Acetonitrile (HPLC-grade) was obtained from VWR International GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). Ampicillin and all other chemicals were purchased from Serva Electrophoresis GmbH (Heidelberg, Germany) and Carl Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany). Radiolabeled [1-¹⁴C]glycine betaine (55 mCi mmol⁻¹) was bought from American Radiolabeled Chemicals Inc. (St. Louis, MO; USA).

Glycine betaine, γ-butyrobetaine, and carnitine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Arsenobetaine was obtained from Argus Chemical (Verino, Italy). Crotonobetaine was generously provided by J. Brass (Lonza AG, Visp, Switzerland). DMSP was from a laboratory stock and was custom synthesized as described (Nau-Wagner et al., 1999 (link); Broy et al., 2015 (link)). Homobetaine and choline-O-sulfate were kind gifts from G. Nau-Wagner (University of Marburg, Germany), and ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine were generously provided by bitop AG (Witten, Germany). Radiolabeled [1-¹⁴C]Glycine betaine (55 mCi mmol^-1) was purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, United States).