Bupropion hydrochloride

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Bupropion hydrochloride is a crystalline compound that is used as a medication. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder with a molecular formula of C₁₃H₁₈ClNO and a molecular weight of 239.74 g/mol. The compound is soluble in water and alcohol.

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Lab products found in correlation

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15 protocols using bupropion hydrochloride

Rodent Alcohol and Food Consumption Study

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Bupropion hydrochloride and naltrexone-hydrochloride (Sigma Aldrich, USA) or HS014 (Tocris, USA) were dissolved in 0.9% saline and administered within a range of doses known to affect alcohol drinking or food consumption in rodents [Greenway et al., 2009 (link); Zhou et al., 2017a (link); Levy et al., 2018 (link)]. The BPP+NTX combination was studied at a ratio of 10 BPP/1 NTX in most experiments to model the ratio employed in Contrave® [Greenway et al., 2009 (link)]. The alcohol solution from 190 proof absolute ethyl alcohol (Pharmco-AAPER, Brookfield, CT), sucrose or saccharin [Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA) was diluted in tap water.

Zhou Y., Leri F., Low M.J, & Kreek M.J. (2019). Sex differences in the effect of bupropion and naltrexone combination on alcohol drinking in mice. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 181, 28-36.

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Pharmacological Effects on Zebrafish Development

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Adult wild type zebrafish were obtained from Carolina Biological Supply and have been housed at Brown University over several generations in multiple 10 and 20 gallon tanks. For breeding purposes, the zebrafish were kept in mixed male and female populations on a 14 hour light/10 hour dark cycle. The fish were fed a combination of Gemma fish food, frozen brine shrimp, and frozen bloodworms. Embryos were collected from the tanks at the beginning of the light cycle (“dawn”) and were immediately transferred to deep Petri dishes (Fisher 08-752-11Z) containing ‘egg water’ (0.06 g of Instant Ocean and 0.25 mg of methylene blue per liter of deionized water). The embryos were then treated with various dilutions of bupropion hydrochloride (Sigma B102), sertraline (Sigma S6319), or duloxetine hydrochloride (Sigma SML0474) and grown in an incubator at 28.5 °C with a 14 hour light/10 hour dark cycle at a density of 60–70 embryos per culture dish.

Richendrfer H, & Creton R. (2017). Cluster analysis profiling of behaviors in zebrafish larvae treated with antidepressants and pesticides. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 69, 54-62.

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Planarian Neuropharmacological Assay

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Planarians (Dugesia dorotocephala) were purchased from Carolina Biological Supply (Burlington, North Carolina, USA). Clorazepate dipotassium salt, fluoxetine hydrochloride, bupropion hydrochloride, FG-7142 (β-Carboline-3-carboxylic acid N-methylamide), and ethanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, Missouri, USA). Drugs were dissolved in spring water (i.e., water in which planarians are maintained). S-mephedrone (S-MEPH), a synthetic cathinone, was synthesized by Fox Chase Chemical Diversity (Doylestown PA, USA). Frog juice was purchased from Bog Baits (Beaver Dam, WI, USA).

Zewde A.M., Yu F., Nayak S., Tallarida C., Reitz A.B., Kirby L.G, & Rawls S.M. (2017). PLDT (planarian light/dark test): an invertebrate assay to quantify defensive responding and study anxiety-like effects. Journal of neuroscience methods, 293, 284-288.

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Screening of Approved Drugs for Neuroprotection

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Reagents were obtained from the following sources: adenosine 5’-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP), 2’(3’)-O-(4-Benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5’-triphosphate triethylammonium salt (BzATP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate sodium salt (ADP), amitriptyline hydrochloride, bupropion hydrochloride, clomipramine hydrobromide, maprotiline hydrochloride, mirtazapine, ivermectin, 4-Chloro-DL-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride (PCPA), and N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); Fura-2-AM from Dojindo (Kumamoto, Japan); duloxetine hydrochloride and paroxetine hydrochloride from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, Canada); pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2’,4’-disulphonic acid (PPADS) tetrasodium salt from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). The approved drugs library of 1979 compounds were provided in the form of 96-well plate format by Drug Discovery Initiative, DDI, The University of Tokyo (Tokyo, Japan).

Yamashita T., Yamamoto S., Zhang J., Kometani M., Tomiyama D., Kohno K., Tozaki-Saitoh H., Inoue K, & Tsuda M. (2016). Duloxetine Inhibits Microglial P2X4 Receptor Function and Alleviates Neuropathic Pain after Peripheral Nerve Injury. PLoS ONE, 11(10), e0165189.

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Bupropion and Nomifensine Modulate Striatal Responses

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All procedures involving animals were approved by the University of Pittsburgh Animal Care and Use Committee. Rats (male, Sprague-Dawley, 250–450g, Charles River Inc., Wilmington, MA) were anesthetized with isoflurane (2.5% by volume O₂), placed in a stereotaxic frame (David Kopf, Tujunga, CA), and connected to an isothermal blanket (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA). Carbon fiber electrodes and stimulating electrodes (MS303/a, Plastics One, Roanoke, VA) were implanted in the dorsal striatum and ipsilateral medial forebrain bundle. The stimulus waveform was a biphasic constant current square wave (2 ms pulses, 60 Hz, 250 μA, 200 ms, 1s, or 3 s in duration) delivered with a stimulus isolation unit (Neurolog 800, Digitimer, Letchworth Garden City, UK). For Figs 3 and 8, evoked responses were recorded before and after i.p. administration of 80 mg/kg bupropion hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis MO). For Figs 2, 3, and 8, evoked responses evoked responses were recorded before and after i.p. administration of 20 mg/kg nomifensine maleate (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis MO).

Walters S.H., Shu Z., Michael A.C, & Levitan E.S. (2020). Regional Variation in Striatal Dopamine Spillover and Release Plasticity. ACS chemical neuroscience, 11(6), 888-899.

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Radioligand Binding Assay for Nicotinic Receptors

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D-MEM and Penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Quality Biologicals
(Gaithersburg, MD). Fetal Bovine serum was obtained from Atlanta Biologicals
(Lawrenceville, Ga). [³H]-Epibatidine (>97
%) was purchased from Perkin Elmer (Waltham, MA). IAM (immobilized
artificial membrane) particles were purchased from Regis Technologies Inc
(Morton Grove, IL). Hygromycin (80%) was obtained from Amresco (Solon,
OH). The HR 5/2 glass columns were purchased from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech
(Uppsala, Sweden). Tris-HCl and NaCl (>99 %) were obtained from
Fischer Scientific (Jessup, MD). MgCl₂ (≥ 98%),,
CaCl₂ (≥ 99%), KCl (>99 %), Sodium
cholate hydrate (>99 %),, Leupeptin (> 90%), Ammonium
acetate (>99 %), Benzamidine hydrochloride (>99 %),
Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF, ≥98.5%), G418, Nicotine
(> 99%), Cytisine (≥ 99%), NorNicotine (≥
98%), Anabasine (≥ 97%), Mecamylamine hydrochloride
(> 96%), Bupropion hydrochloride (≥ 98%), and all
other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich unless otherwise stated (St.
Louis, MO). Club Moss (Lycopodium clavatum L).
aqueous-alcoholic extract was from Hawaii Pharm (Honolulu, Hawaii) and
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. aqueous-alcoholic extracts
wasfrom Herb Pharm (Williams, OR).

Ciesla L., Okine M., Rosenberg A., Dossou K.S., Toll L., Wainer I.W, & Moaddel R. (2015). Development and characterization of the α3β4α5 nicotinic receptor cellular membrane affinity chromatography column and its application for on line screening of plant extracts. Journal of chromatography. A, 1431, 138-144.

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Antidepressant Delivery Routes Evaluation

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7–10 days postsurgery (or in age matched non-surgical controls) oral drug treatment delivery began. All oral delivery of antidepressants was via the drinking water. Animals randomized to the fluoxetine group received fluoxetine hydrochloride (Sigma Millipore) at a calculated individual dose of 18 mg/kg for 14 days^{19 (link)}. Those in the oral sertraline group received sertraline hydrochloride (Sigma Millipore) at a dose of 6 mg/kg for 14 days, while those in the sertraline injected group received a single i.p. injection at a dose of 20 mg/kg 30 m prior to behavioural testing^{19 (link)}. Mice in the bupropion group received bupropion hydrochloride (Sigma Millipore) at a dose of 6 mg/kg for 14 days^{20 (link)}.

McVey Neufeld K.A., Bienenstock J., Bharwani A., Champagne-Jorgensen K., Mao Y., West C., Liu Y., Surette M.G., Kunze W, & Forsythe P. (2019). Oral selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors activate vagus nerve dependent gut-brain signalling. Scientific Reports, 9, 14290.

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Radioligand Binding Assay for Nicotinic Receptors

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[³H]Ibogaine (23 Ci/mmol) and ibogaine hydrochloride were obtained through the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (NIH, Baltimore, USA). [³H]Epibatidine (45.1 Ci/mmol) was purchased from PerkinElmer Life Sciences Products, Inc. (Boston, MA, USA). (±)-18-Methoxycoronaridine hydrochloride [(±)-18-MC] was purchased from Obiter Research, LLC (Champaign, IL, USA). (±)-18-Methylaminocoronaridine [(±)-18-MAC], (+)-catharanthine hydrochloride, and (±)-18-hydroxycoronaridine [(±)-18-HC] were a gift from Dr. Kuehne (University of Vermont, VT, USA). (±)-Epibatidine and QX-314 were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MO, USA). Fluo-4 was obtained from Molecular Probes (Eugene, Oregon, USA). Euthasol (sodium pentobarbital, 100 mg/kg; sodium phenytoin, 12.82 mg/kg) was obtained from LeVet Pharma (Oudewater, Netherlands). Polyethylenimine, acetylcholine (ACh), (−)-nicotine hydrogen tartrate, bupropion hydrochloride, probenecid, and bovine serum albumin (BSA), were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Salts were of analytical grade.

Arias H.R., Jin X., Feuerbach D, & Drenan R.M. (2017). Selectivity of coronaridine congeners at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and inhibitory activity on mouse medial habenula. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 92, 202-209.

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Preparation and Dosage of Psychoactive Compounds

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Bupropion hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich), L-DOPA (Sigma-Aldrich), methadone hydrochloride (U.S. Pharmacopeia), and (+)-methamphetamine (Meth; National Bureau of Controlled Drugs, Department of Health, Taiwan) were obtained as lyophilized powders. Drugs were prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at appropriate stock concentrations (bupropion 100 mM, L-DOPA 10 mM, methadone 100 mM, Meth 100 mM), and filtered through a membrane filter with a pore size of 0.22 μm. The human embryonic kidney cell line 293 (Cat. No. 240073, Agilent Technologies), derived from the commonly used HEK293 cell line, was grown as monolayers in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with heat-inactivated fetal calf bovine serum (FBS; 10%), penicillin (100 IU/ml), and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) at 37 °C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO₂.

Chen Y.H., Wu K.J., Wu K.L., Wu K.L., Tsai H.M., Chen M.L., Chen Y.W., Hsieh W., Lin C.M, & Wang Y. (2017). Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Expression of Methamphetamine Antibody Attenuates Methamphetamine-Induced Hyperactivity in Mice. Scientific Reports, 7, 46301.

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Pharmacological Modulation of Rat Behavior

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Bupropion hydrochloride (a DAT blocker, 20 mg/ml/kg, i.p., Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), desipramine hydrochloride (a NET blocker, 10 mg/ml/kg, i.p., Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA), paroxetine hydrochloride (a SSRI, 10 mg/ml/kg, i.p., Toronto Research Chemicals, Toronto, ON, CA), or saline vehicle solution (1 ml/kg, i.p.) was injected daily between 16:00 and 17:00 (after the avoidance session on days of training) to avoid acute drug effects on behavioral testing. The dosage used was the effective dosage tested in open field and FST on WKY rat (Tejani-Butt et al., 2003 (link); Jiao et al., 2006 (link)).

Jiao X., Beck K.D., Stewart A.L., Smith I.M., Myers C.E., Servatius R.J, & Pang K.C. (2014). Effects of Psychotropic Agents on Extinction of Lever-Press Avoidance in a Rat Model of Anxiety Vulnerability. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 322.

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