The diabetic mice were divided into three groups of 10 mice each. Normal animals (n = 10) served as controls. The first group was treated with a subcutaneous injection of 100 µg of UIP-1. The vaccine of UIP-1 was solubilized in Lipofundin (B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany) with 4 mg mannitol; Lipofundin served as an adjuvant. The second group was treated with a subcutaneous injection of 100 µg of IA-2(5)-P2-1. The vaccine of IA-2(5)-P2-1 was solubilized, the same as UIP-1. The third group was immunized with Lipofundin (B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany) with 4 mg mannitol in accordance with the immunization procedure above. Groups of mice were injected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks. Weight and 8-h fasting blood glucose levels were measured using an automatic glucose analyzer (GlucoLeader, Taiwan) before every inoculation. Serum samples were collected every week and stored at −20 °C.
Lipofundin
Manufactured by B. Braun
Sourced in Germany
Lipofundin is a parenteral nutrition product manufactured by B. Braun. It is a lipid emulsion that provides essential fatty acids and energy to patients who require supplemental nutrition.
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Lab products found in correlation
Lipidem, by B. Braun (2 mentions)
Phenomaster, by TSE Systems (1 mentions)
Omegavan, by Fresenius (1 mentions)
Addamel, by Fresenius (1 mentions)
Soluvit, by Fresenius (1 mentions)
Vitalipid, by Fresenius (1 mentions)
Zya particles, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Fluorescent plate reader, by Tecan (1 mentions)
Menthol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Etomidate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
4α pdd, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Capsaicin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Streptozotocin (stz), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
10 protocols using lipofundin
1
Immunotherapeutic Approach for Diabetic Mice
2
Metabolic and Behavioral Monitoring in Mice
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Five Grn−/− and five Grn-flfl mice were used in the Phenomaster experiment. The mice were 9–10 weeks old. The Phenomaster (TSE, Bad Homburg, Germany) offers an automated, metabolic and behavioural monitoring in home cage environments. Drinking and feeding behaviour and voluntary wheel running (VWR) were monitored. Mice were adapted to the drinking bottles for 5 days in their home cage. In the Phenomaster cage, mice had free access to water and standard diet pellets and free access to a voluntary running wheel. In the 1st Phenomaster test lasting 24 h, the drinking bottle was filled with tap water. In the second 24 h period, mice had access to 5% medium chain triglycerides (MCT) diluted in water (1:4 diluted 20% Lipofundin, B. Braun Melsungen AG, Germany). Drinking volumes and feeding were monitored with Phenomaster software-controlled precision scales of the drinking bottle and the food basket.
3
Comprehensive Nutrition Support Post-Surgery
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Nutrition support included enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN). Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was provided during the first few days after ileostomy, jejunostomy, or anastomosis. The “all-in-one” solution contained lipids (Omegavan®, Fresenius Kabi or Lipofundin®, B. Braun Melsungen), amino acids (18AA-11; Treeful, Shanghai, China), a glucose solution, minerals, trace elements (Addamel; Fresenius Kabi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), water-soluble vitamins (Soluvit; Fresenius Kabi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), and fat-soluble vitamins (Vitalipid; Fresenius Kabi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China) and was infused continuously via peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) or central venous catheters (CVCs) by infusion pumps (SN-1500H, Shenzhen, China). We replaced the medium chain triglyceride/long chain triglyceride (MCT/LCT)-based lipids with fish oil-based lipids (Omegavan; Fresenius Kabi, Jiangsu, China) when the levels of any three of the seven liver indicators were two times higher than normal. Enteral nutrition (breast milk, hydrolyzed formula, or amino acid-based formula) was introduced by pumping for 1–3 h through a nasal tube every 3 h, and advanced gradually based on intestinal tolerance. PN was decreased and weaned off when EN increased sufficiently to sustain adequate growth.
4
Macrophage Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Neutrophils
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Carboxyfluorescein diacetate labeled human PMNs were allowed to undergo apoptosis in serum-free medium for 16–18 h. MΦ were then incubated with Ω-3+ (Lipidem, B.Braun) or Ω-3− (Lipofundin, B.Braun) LEs or vehicle. Apoptotic PMNs were added at a 1:3 ratio (MΦ:PMN) and incubated for 60 min to induce phagocytosis. In separate experiments, MΦ were preincubated either with Ω-3+ or Ω-3− LE or vehicle and then incubated with ZyA particles (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) at a 1:30 ratio (MΦ:ZyA particles) or E. coli particles at a 1:50 ratio (MΦ:E. coli) for 60 min. In a further experiment, human MΦ were incubated with baicalein (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or cinnamyl-3,4dihydroxy-α-cyanocinnamate (CDC, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and the degree of phagocytosis was assessed by using a fluorescent plate reader (Tecan, Männedorf, Switzerland).
5
Investigating Bound Water Effects on Water Absorption
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The O–H bond of pure water absorbs light strongly at several wavelengths. Among the absorption peaks of O–H bond, the 970 nm (second overtone) and 1470 nm (first overtone) peaks are induced by the combination of symmetric stretch and asymmetric stretch of O–H bond and are prominent in short wave near infrared range. As mentioned earlier, the absorption spectrum of water molecule would be influenced by the nearby macromolecules. To study this bound water effect, Chung et al. fabricated phantoms by mixing water, gelatin powder, and light scattering agent, and they found that the water absorption spectrum at the second overtone varied due to the presence of gelatin powder24 (link). To understand the bound water effect near the first and second overtone of water absorption, we followed the bound water phantom recipe provided by Chung et al. and dissolved 8 g of gelatin powder and 30 ml 20% Lipofundin (B. Braun Melsungen AG, Germany) in 300 ml of pure water. An integrating sphere system was employed to measure the transmittance and reflectance of the bound water phantom to determine its optical properties using the inverse adding doubling algorithm developed by Prahl41 (link).
6
Preparation and Dilution of Pharmacological Agents
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Etomidat-® Lipuro, Lipofundin® (both B. Braun Melsungen AG, Germany) and
Hypnomidate® (JANSSEN-CILAG GmbH, Germany) were purchased from the
hospital pharmacy of the University Clinics of Erlangen. Etomidate
(Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), BCTC, HC-030031 (both Biotrend, Germany),
AP-18, 2-amino-phenyl borane (2-APB) (both Tocris Bioscience, UK) were
dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide to give stock solutions of 1–100 mM.
AITC, capsaicin, menthol, and 4αPDD (all Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were
dissolved in ethanol to give stock solutions of 1 to 100 mM. PG and
N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany.
All formulations, substances, and stock solutions were diluted with
standard physiological buffers (pH 7.4) immediately before
experimental use.
Hypnomidate® (JANSSEN-CILAG GmbH, Germany) were purchased from the
hospital pharmacy of the University Clinics of Erlangen. Etomidate
(Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), BCTC, HC-030031 (both Biotrend, Germany),
AP-18, 2-amino-phenyl borane (2-APB) (both Tocris Bioscience, UK) were
dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide to give stock solutions of 1–100 mM.
AITC, capsaicin, menthol, and 4αPDD (all Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were
dissolved in ethanol to give stock solutions of 1 to 100 mM. PG and
N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany.
All formulations, substances, and stock solutions were diluted with
standard physiological buffers (pH 7.4) immediately before
experimental use.
7
Parenteral Nutrition in Metabolic Crisis
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All patients (regardless of KD) received lipofundin (B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) or SMOFlipid emulsion (Fresenius Kabi AB, Uppsala, Sweden) of up to 4 g/kg/day during a crisis as a supply of energy, and essential fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids, as part of a parenteral nutrition regimen when oral or enteral nutrition was impossible, insufficient or contra-indicated. At the same time, hepatic enzymes were monitored.
8
Bound Water Absorption Spectrum Analysis
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The O-H bond of pure water absorbs light strongly at several wavelengths. Among the absorption peaks of O-H bond, the 970 nm (second overtone) and 1,470 nm ( rst overtone) peaks are induced by the combination of symmetric stretch and asymmetric stretch of O-H bond and are prominent in short wave near infrared range. As mentioned earlier, the absorption spectrum of water molecule would be in uenced by the nearby macromolecules. To study this bound water effect, Chung et al. fabricated phantoms by mixing water, gelatin powder, and light scattering agent, and they found that the water absorption spectrum at the second overtone varied due to the presence of gelatin powder. 24 (link) To understand the bound water effect near the rst and second overtone of water absorption, we followed the bound water phantom recipe provided by Chung et al. and dissolved 8 g of gelatin powder and 30 ml 20% Lipofundin (B. Braun Melsungen AG, Germany) in 300 ml of pure water. An integrating sphere system was employed to measure the transmittance and re ectance of the bound water phantom to determine its optical properties using the inverse adding doubling algorithm developed by Prahl. 40 (link)
9
Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mouse Model
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Streptozotocin (STZ) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA; peptides IA-2-P2 and P277 were synthesized by GL Biochem in Shanghai, China (high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purity >90%). Lipofundin (20%) was from B. Braun, Germany. Mouse interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon (IFN)-γ enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were purchased from Biolegend, USA. 3, 3′, 5, 5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was from Sunbio, Nanjing, China. Four-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were purchased from the Comparative Medicine Center of Yangzhou University (Yangzhou, China, No. SCXK 2012-0004) and raised under pathogenfree conditions with a 12 h light-dark schedule. All experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the authors' institution.
10
Omega-3 Supplementation for Predicted SAP
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Forty-five patients admitted to University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust with predicted SAP were randomized into two groups, fish oil and control. Patients were allocated to either group by a computer-based randomization system (Wellspring Clinical Services, Doncaster, UK; see Supplementary Material). The fish oil group (n = 23, one patient withdrew consent prior to any intervention) received a lipid emulsion enriched with omega-3 FAs (Lipidem® 200 mg/ml: 50% medium chain triglycerides (MCT), 40% soybean oil and 10% fish oil; B Braun, Melsungen, Germany). The control group (n = 22) received an isocaloric lipid emulsion without fish oil (Lipofundin® 200 mg/ml; 50% MCT and 50% soybean oil; B Braun, Melsungen, Germany). Lipidem® and
Lipofundin® were infused at a rate of 10 ml per kg body weight over 14 hours each day for a maximum of 7 days or until the patient was clinically fit for discharge if sooner; this corresponds to 2 g lipid per kg body weight over 14 hours each day. Standard management for these patients continued. Patients were withdrawn if serum triglycerides persisted above 3 mmol/L despite temporary cessation of lipid infusion.
Lipofundin® were infused at a rate of 10 ml per kg body weight over 14 hours each day for a maximum of 7 days or until the patient was clinically fit for discharge if sooner; this corresponds to 2 g lipid per kg body weight over 14 hours each day. Standard management for these patients continued. Patients were withdrawn if serum triglycerides persisted above 3 mmol/L despite temporary cessation of lipid infusion.
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