In all experiments, pure forms (≥98.0%) of fluvastatin, lovastatin and simvastatin (Tocris Bioscience) were used. All statins were dissolved in DMSO and tested in final concentrations of 2 and 20 µM.
Simvastatin
Manufactured by Bio-Techne
Sourced in United Kingdom
Simvastatin is a synthetic drug used as a laboratory reagent. It is a member of the statin class of drugs, which are known for their ability to lower cholesterol levels. Simvastatin is commonly used in scientific research and experimentation, but its specific applications and intended uses should not be extrapolated beyond its core function as a laboratory product.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Lovastatin, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Pravastatin, by Bio-Techne (2 mentions)
Prism 6, by GraphPad (1 mentions)
Celltiter glo assay, by Promega (1 mentions)
Multichannel pipette, by Eppendorf (1 mentions)
Ggti 298, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Verteporfin, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Mk2206, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Ym 53601, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Cytochalasin d, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Y 27632 dihydrochloride, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Blebbistatin, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Simvastatin, by MSD (1 mentions)
Simvastatin, by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (1 mentions)
15 epi lxa4, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Rpmi 1640, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Poly d lysine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Glutamax, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
10 protocols using simvastatin
1
Comparative Statin Potencies In Vitro
2
Mevalonate Pathway Modulation: A Cell Proliferation Assay
3
Regulation of Osteogenic Differentiation
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The simvastatin solution was prepared as described in our previous study.13 (link) The following pharmacological agents were used: 10 µM Y-27632 dihydrochloride (Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK), an inhibitor of p160 ROCKII activity; 10 µM blebbistatin (Tocris Bioscience), a selective inhibitor of the ATPase function of nonmuscle myosin II; and 0.5 µM cytochalasin D (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO, USA), which inhibits actin polymerization by capping the barbed end of F-actin polymers. Cells were pretreated with inhibitors (Y-27632 dihydrochloride, blebbistatin, and cytochalasin D) in the bone medium for 1 hour and cotreated with simvastatin and blockers in the 2% FBS osteoinduction medium. The extent of mineralization, ALP activity, expression of osteogenic gene, and osteogenic protein levels were analyzed at various time points.
4
Therapeutic Interventions in Chronic Chagas Disease
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Infected BALB/c mice were treated with 1 mg/kg/day simvastatin (MSD, United Kingdom), 25 μg/kg/day 15-epi-LXA4 (Cayman Chemicals, USA), 1 mg/kg/day simvastatin plus 10 mg/kg/day N‐[N‐(3,5‐difluorophenacetyl)‐l ‐alanyl]‐S‐phenylglycine t‐butyl ester (DAPT; Tocris, United Kingdom), 1 mg/kg/day simvastatin plus 1 mg/kg/day AA861 (a 5-LOX inhibitor; Santa Cruz, USA), and 25 μg/kg/day 15-epi-LXA4 plus 10 mg/kg/day DAPT. simvastatin was dissolved in a suspension of 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose and administered orally once a day, while 15-epi-LXA4, DAPT, and AA861 were dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and administered i.p. once a day. The treatments were administered at the chronic phase, from day 60 to day 80 postinfection (p.i.) (13 (link), 33 (link)). Finally, heart tissue was obtained after euthanasia with a mixture of 100 mg/kg ketamine and 10 mg/kg xylazine on day 80 p.i.
5
Cell Culture Reagents and Materials
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Culture medium (RPMI 1640, DMEM, Ham’s F-12 K), horse serum, GlutaMax and bovine serum albumin were from Gibco (Grand Island, NY). Foetal bovine serum was from Hyclone (Logan, UT). Collagen I and Collagen IV were from Advanced Biomatrix (Carlsbad, CA).
Poly-d -Lysine and poly-l -Lysine were from Merck (Burlington, MA). Poly-d -Lysine-coated 6-well plates were from Thermoscientific (Rochester, NY). 8-OH-DPAT, WAY100635 maleate, fluoxetine hydrochloride, rosiglitazone and simvastatin were from Tocris (Bristol, UK). Serotonin creatinine sulfate monohydrate, quercetin dihydrate and all other biochemicals were from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Poly-
6
Effect of Statins on α-Synuclein Transgenic Mice
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Transgenic mice expressing A53T mutant α-synuclein under control of the PrP promoter were used. Briefly, adult (6-month old) transgenic mice and littermate WT mice were administered statins (pravastatin [Tocris 2318], simvastatin [Tocris 1965]; 1 mg/kg/d) daily for 3 months by oral gavage. Mice injected with PBS or mα-synPFF were fed either a normal chow diet (10% kcal from fat; Research Diets D12450H) or HFD (45% kcal from fat; Research Diets D12451). mα-synPFF–injected mice fed a HFD were orally administered statins or vehicle daily starting 1 week after surgery.
7
Neuropathic Pain Attenuation by PCA
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Forty-eight male SD rats (6–8 weeks old, weighing 180–200 g) were randomly divided into six groups, including blank control (ctrl) group; sham group; CCI group. The rats in one CCI group were orally administrated with 30 mg/kg/d simvastatin (TOCRIS, Bristol, UK), while rats in the other CCI group were orally administrated with 20 or 50 mg/kg/d PCA (≥97% pure, Sigma-Aldrich, Corp., St. Louis, MO, USA) (n = 8 each group). In the sham group, sciatic nerve was only isolated and no injury was found. simvastatin was used as positive control, PCA as treatment group, and equal volume of normal saline as blank control for 21 days. Stock solution of PCA and simvastatin was freshly prepared every other day using normal saline as a vehicle.
8
Simvastatin Lipid Nanoparticle Formulation
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Simvastatin was gifted by Tocris Bio-Techne Mumbai, India. Poloxamer 407 was gifted by BASF, India. Alendronate sodium, D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Mumbai India. Peanut Oil, Soyabean Oil, Olive Oil, Sesame Oil and Cottonseed Oil were purchased from Research Lab Fine Chem Industries. Labrafil M 2125CS, Capryol PGMC, Labrafac PG, Labrasol and Labrafil M 1944CS was gifted by Gattefosse India. All other reagents used were of analytical reagent grade and were used without further purification.
9
Statin and mitochondrial function
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Simvastatin and pravastatin were obtained from Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK. FCCP was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK. Simvastatin was used in its lipophilic, lactone, form.
Simvastatin, rotenone and FCCP were dissolved in ethanol or DMSO; pravastatin was dissolved in H2O. Drug additions were made from serially diluted stocks such that the vehicle was always applied at the same final concentration; for the electrophysiology this was 0.1% vol/vol and for the OCR this was 1% vol/vol.
Simvastatin, rotenone and FCCP were dissolved in ethanol or DMSO; pravastatin was dissolved in H2O. Drug additions were made from serially diluted stocks such that the vehicle was always applied at the same final concentration; for the electrophysiology this was 0.1% vol/vol and for the OCR this was 1% vol/vol.
10
Simvastatin-Induced Eryptosis in Erythrocytes
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Fresh Li-Heparin-anticoagulated blood samples were kindly provided by the blood bank of the University of Tübingen. The study is approved by the ethics committee of the University of Tübingen (184/2003 V). The blood was centrifuged at 120 g for 20 min at 21 °C and the supernatant with platelets as well as leukocytes was disposed. Erythrocytes were incubated in vitro at a packed cell volume of 0.4% in Ringer solution containing (in mM) 125 NaCl, 5 KCl, 1 MgSO 4 , 32 N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES; pH 7.4), 5 glucose, 1 CaCl 2 , at 37°C for 48 h. Where indicated, erythrocytes were exposed for 48 h to simvastatin (Sigma Aldrich, Hamburg, Germany). In order to estimate the impact of Ca 2+ entry on simvastatin induced eryptosis, erythrocytes were exposed to simvastatin in the absence of extracellular Ca 2+ . To test for an involvement of p38 kinase, erythrocytes were exposed for 48 hours to a combination of simvastatin and p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 (Tocris bioscience, Bristol, UK).
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