Intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ICO) (
n = 5) were initiated from donor liver biopsies (0.5 cm
3–1 cm
3) following a previously published protocol [5 (
link),22 (
link)]. The use of liver biopsies for research purposes was approved by the medical ethics committee of the Erasmus University Medical Center (MEC-2014-060). Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) tumor tissue biopsies (
n = 3) were obtained through liver resections performed at the Erasmus MC (MEC-2013-143) and CCAO were initiated as described previously [9 (
link)]. All patients gave written informed consent to use their tissue for research purposes. In short, the biopsies were digested in 2.5 mg/mL
collagenase type A (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, US) for 20–120 min at 37 °C. Next, the suspension was strained (70 µm cell strainer), washed with cold ADV+ (
Table S1), resuspended in basement membrane extract (BME, Cultrex, R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN, United States), and plated in 25 µL droplets in
48-well suspension culture plates (Greiner Bio One, Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands). The BME was allowed to solidify for 45–60 min at 37 °C before 250 µL startup expansion medium (SEM,
Table S2) was added. After 72 h, SEM was replaced with Expansion Medium (EM,
Table S2) and refreshed every 3 to 4 days. Organoids were passaged by mechanical dissociation every 7 days in 1:3 to 1:6 split ratios.
van Tienderen G.S., Willemse J., van Loo B., van Hengel E.V., de Jonge J., van der Laan L.J., Leijten J, & Verstegen M.M. (2022). Scalable Production of Size-Controlled Cholangiocyte and Cholangiocarcinoma Organoids within Liver Extracellular Matrix-Containing Microcapsules. Cells, 11(22), 3657.