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38 protocols using nah2po4 h2o

1

Acidic Tumor Microenvironment Culture

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We used two ovarian carcinoma cell lines, ES-2 and A2780, and two pancreatic cancer cell lines, S2VP10 and Panc1. ES-2, A2780, and Panc1 cells were obtained from American Type Tissue Culture Collection, ATCC (Manassas, VA). S2VP10 cells were obtained from Michael Hollingsworth, University of Nebraska, as reported earlier (Kimbrough et al. 2015 (link)). All cell lines were cultured initially in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 °C. ES-2, A2780, S2VP10 and Panc1 cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) obtained from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY).
Both pH specific media and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were prepared for use in all experiments. Phosphate buffer containing NaH2PO4·H2O and Na2HPO4 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was prepared in distilled H2O at pH 7.4, 6.8 and 6.6 and sterilized by autoclaving. DMEM powder, 13.6 g, was dissolved in 1l of the sterilized phosphate buffer (25 mM) at the desired pH. DMEM media solutions then were filtered through sterilized Whatman qualitative filter paper, grade 1 (Sigma-Aldrich) and DMEM solution was mixed with 10% fetal bovine serum (Atlanta Biologicals, Lawrenceville, GA) and 1% L-glutamine (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). The pH was checked with a pH meter (Hanna Instruments, Woonsocket, RI). The pH was adjusted, if necessary, using sterilized 1M sodium hydroxide or 1 N hydrochloric acid.
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2

Peptide Synthesis and Characterization

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BSA (A5611), OVA (grade V, A5503), Gly-Gly-Gly ((Gly)3, G1377), Met-Ala-Ser (M1004), NaH2PO4·H2O (71504), OPA (P0657), 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC-Cl, 23186), 3-mercatopropionic acid (63768), acetonitrile (ACN, 34998), methanol (MeOH, 494291), amino acid standards (AAS18), asparagine (A0884), glutamine (49419), tryptophan (93659), sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na2B4O7·10H2O, S9640), FeSO4·7H2O (F7002), H2O2 solution (30%, w/v, 16911), and HCl solution (0.1 M, 318965) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 0583) was from VWR (Germany). Met-Gly-Ala, Gly-Ala-Met, and Ala-Met-Gly were obtained from GeneCust (Luxembourg) and were delivered in the desalted form with a purity >95%. High purity water (18.2 MΩ cm) was taken from an ELGA LabWater system (PURELAB Ultra, ELGA, UK) and autoclaved before use if not specified otherwise.
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3

Melanin Structural Characterization

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Medium components like yeast and malt extracts were purchased from Himedia Laboratories (Modautal, Germany), while glucose, (NH4)2SO4, NaH2PO4·H2O, Na2HPO4, NaCl, the synthetic melanin standard, and all the salts used for preparing the buffers, acid, base, and solvents used for the melanin precipitation, purification, and chemical characterization were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Milano, Italy). L-DOPA for the tyrosinase assay was purchased from TCI (Tokio, Japan). Chemicals required for the melanin structural characterization by UV-visible absorbance and FT-IR analyses were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milano, Italy).
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4

Serotonin Calibration and Cytokine Analysis

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Calibration solutions were prepared by dissolving serotonin hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) in Tris buffer to produce solution concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 nM. Tris buffer consisted of: 15 mM H2NC(CH2OH)2 HCl, 140 mM NaCl, 3.25 mM KCl, 1.2 mM CaCl2, 1.25 mM NaH2PO4.H2O, 1.2 mM MgCl2, and 2.0 mM Na2SO4 (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) in deionized water and pH adjusted to 7.4. Pharmacological agents were prepared as described below. Escitalopram oxalate (ESCIT) (10 mg kg−1, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and α-fluoromethylhistidine dihyrdrochloride (FMH) (20 mg kg−1, Toronto Research Chemicals Inc., Toronto, CAN) were dissolved in saline individually (Hospira, Lake Forest, IL, USA). All pharmaceutical agents were administered via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection at a volume of 5.0 mL kg−1 of animal weight. A bioplex was used to analyze cytokines (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) in plasma at sacrifice.
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5

Yeast Library Induction and Expansion

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On day 1, the yeast CH65 library and isogenic strains containing the pCHA-UCA860 or pCHA-CH65 plasmids were thawed by inoculating 5 mL SDCAA with 150 µL glycerol stock and rotating at 30°C for 24 hr. On day 2, yeast cultures were back-diluted to OD600 = 0.2 in 5 mL SDCAA and rotated at 30°C until they reached an OD600 = 0.4–0.6 (about 4 hr). Subsequently, 1.5 mL of these log-phase cultures were pelleted, resuspended in 4 mL SGDCAA (1.71 g/L YNB without amino acids and ammonium sulfate [Sigma-Aldrich #Y1251], 5 g/L ammonium sulfate [Sigma-Aldrich, #A4418], 1.8% galactose [Sigma-Aldrich #G0625], 0.2% dextrose [VWR #90000-904], 5 g/L Bacto casamino acids [VWR #223050], 100 g/L ampicillin [VWR # V0339], 5.4 g Na2HPO4 [Sigma-Aldrich, #S7907], 8.56 g NaH2PO4.H2O [Sigma-Aldrich, #S9638]) (Chao et al., 2006 (link)), and rotated at room temperature for 20–22 hr.
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6

Ultrastructural Analysis of Docked Insulin Granules

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Human islets were fixated in 2.5% Glutaraldehyde in freshly prepared Millionig's buffer (1.88% NaH2PO4·H2O (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.43% NaOH, pH 7.2) and refrigerated for 2 h. After a wash in Millionig's buffer, the islets were post-fixated in osmium tetroxide (1%) for 1 h, and then carefully washed in Millionig's buffer. Finally, the islets were dehydrated and embedded in AGAR 100 (Oxford Instruments Nordiska AB, Sweden). Samples were cut into 70–90 nm ultrathin sections. The sections were placed on Cu-grids and contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate before examination in a JEM 1,230 electron microscope (JEOL-USA. Inc., USA). Granules (large dense core vesicles) were defined as docked when the centre of the granule was located within 150 nm from the plasma membrane. The number of granule profiles within 150 nm from the plasma membrane was calculated using an in-house software programmed in MatLab 7 (MathWorks, Natick, USA)46 (link). Electron micrographs were analysed from at least three different cells per donor (median seven cells).
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7

Functionalization of Self-Assembled Monolayers

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4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP or pATP), cysteamine (CYS), cystamine, L-cysteine, mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA), 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MB), hexanethiol (HT), imidazole, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP), NHS (N-hydroxysuccinimide), EDC (1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride), Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4H2O, and sodium chloride (NaCl) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Sodium fluoride (NaF) and sodium azide (NaN3) were obtained from Merck-Suprapur. All chemicals were used as received without further purification.
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8

Synthesis of Iron-based Catalysts

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Iron (iii) chloride (FeCl3), monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4. H2O) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals were used without further purification. The H2/He (5%) gas mixture was prepared using H2 (99.99%) and He (99.99%) by mass controllers with set points of 2.5 mL min−1 and 47.5 mL min−1, respectively.
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9

Preparation and Analysis of Buffered Salts

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All chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade. For qualitative and quantitative analysis, reference materials and solvents from Sigma‐Aldrich were used as purchased, without purification. Aqueous solutions were made with deionized water. For preparation of the phosphate buffer (pH 7) 86.6 g Na2HPO4⋅H2O (98.5 %, Sigma‐Aldrich) and 53.8 g NaH2PO4⋅H2O (99 %, Sigma‐Aldrich) in 1 L deionized water were used. The carbonate buffer (pH 10) was a mixture of 17.1 g Na2CO3 (99.5 %, Sigma‐Aldrich) and 28.3 g NaHCO3 (99 %, Carl‐Roth) in 1 L deionized water. 0.5 m NaCl (99.5 %, Sigma‐Aldrich), 0.5 m NaBr (99 %, Alfa Aesar), and 0.5 m NaI (99 %, Carl‐Roth) were adjusted to pH 1 with HCl (37 %, Sigma‐Aldrich), HBr (48 %, Alfa‐Aesar), or HI (57 %,TCI).
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10

Bioglass-Embedded Cryogel Ion Release

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Bioglass powder was autoclaved before measuring ion release level to remove any contaminants. Then, GelMA cryogels, GelMA-0.5% bioglass cryogels, GelMA-1.5% bioglass cryogels, and GelMA-2.5% bioglass cryogels were fabricated (n = 3) and placed at 24 well plates and filled with 1 mL of simulated body fluid solution containing 58.43 g of NaCl, 2.77 g of CaCl2, and 1.39 g of NaH2PO4·H2O (all chemicals from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in 1 L of deionized water (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) as prepared. The solution was collected at day 1, 3, 5, and 7 and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 30 min. Solutions were then filtered using 200 nm pore sizes of syringe membrane (Acrodisc®) after samples were collected. Ion release rate of Ca2+, Si4+, and P3+ ions were measured with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES, Optima 8300, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). To measure ion release rates of bioglass-embedded cryogels in deionized water, the same protocol was used.
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