Lipopolysaccharide lps from escherichia coli o55 b5

GYF-21 was isolated from Chinese agarwood and the isolation procedure was described primarily (Huo et al., 2015 (link)). GYF-21 was dissolved at a concentration of 25 mM in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was purchased from Beyotime, Co. (Shanghai, China). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli O55: B5 was purchased from Sigma Chemicals, Co. (St. Louis, MO, United States). ELISA kits for determining TNF-α,IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, MIP-1α, IFN-γ, and IgG were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, United States). The antibodies to p65, I-κB, p38, ERK1/2, JNK, STAT1, STAT3, and their phosphorylated forms were purchased from Cell signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, United States). Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) conjugated to APC, APC, PE, FITC, PE, FITC, FITC, PE, PE-Cy7, Alexa Fluor 647, FITC, and PE (specific for Ly-6G, CD11c, CD11b, CD62L, CD69, CD25, CD80, CD86, CD4, CD8, IFN-γ, and IL-17A), and purified monoclonal antibodies (specific for CD3e, CD28, IFN-γ, and IL-4) were obtained from Becton Dickinson (San Diego, CA, United States). Magnetic bead isolation kit for mouse CD4⁺ T cells, naive CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells were purchased from Miltenyl Biotec (Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). Recombinant mouse GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-12, IFN-γ, IL-6, and TGF-β were purchased from PeproTech (Rocky Hill, NJ, United States).

Palladium(II) chloride (PdCl₂), chromium(II) chloride (CrCl₂), and nickel(II) chloride (NiCl₂) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli (O55:B5), prepared by phenol–water extraction, was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). PdCl₂, CrCl₂, NiCl₂, and LPS were dissolved in sterile saline.

CrCl₂ (purity>95%) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli (O55:B5) prepared by phenol–water extraction was purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). CrCl₂ and LPS were dissolved in sterile saline.

The peptides used in this work were synthesized by Pepscan (Lelystad, The Netherland) (Table 1). For the purification and quantification of nisin, commercial nisin was suspended in 0.05% acetic acid and further purified by HPLC (Agilent 1260 Infinity LC) equipped with a semi-preparative C12 column (Phenomenex 250 × 10 mm). The fractions were collected, tested for activity against L. lactis, and analyzed with MALDI-TOF. The active, fully dehydrated and pure fractions were freeze-dried. The freeze-dried nisin was weighted and dissolved with 0.05% acetic acid^{54 (link)}. Vancomycin, polymyxin B, MgCl₂, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli O55:B5, HEPES buffer, and chloral hydrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Sodium phosphate tablets, DMEM, non-essential amino acids (NEAA) were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific (Waltham, Massachusetts, USA). CellTiter-glo reagent was purchased from Promega (Leiden, the Netherlands). Human plasma EDTA K2 Mixed-Gender was purchased from Sera Laboratories International, Ltd (West Sussex, United Kingdom).

PdCl₂ (>99% pure) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli (O55:B5) prepared by phenol–water extraction was purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO, USA). Prednisolone (>99% pure) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Japan (Tokyo, Japan). Fexofenadine hydrochloride (>98% pure) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo Japan). PdCl₂, Prednisolone, Fexofenadine hydrochloride, and LPS were dissolved in sterile saline.

FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co., Ltd. was the supplier of high-purity CrCl₂ (>95%) (Osaka, Japan). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli (O55:B5) prepared by phenol–water extraction was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). CrCl₂ and LPS were dissolved in sterile saline (Otsuka Normal Saline, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Tokushima, Japan).