In a one-pot hydrothermal technique, spent Gromwell root was used to prepare carbon quantum dots (CDs). Dried spent Gromwell root (1 g) was added to 50 mL of distilled water in a Teflon-lined stainless-steel reactor (100 mL) and heated in an oil bath with varying temperatures at 200–250 °C for 6 h. After cooling, the solid part was separated by centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 30 min. The recovered supernatant was filtered via a Whatman membrane filter with a 25 mm diameter and pore size of 0.22 μm (Whatman International Ltd., Maidstone, UK) to remove the impurities. Sulfur-doped g-CDs (g-SCDs) were simultaneously prepared by adding 0.1 g of ammonium persulfate before hydrothermal synthesis at 200 °C for 6 h. The pristine g-CDs formed at 200 °C were used to prepare the g-SCDs because they had better optical properties than the ones formed at 225 °C and 250 °C. The recovered supernatant was filtered using a Whatman membrane filter to remove the impurities (Figure 1 ).
Whatman membrane filter
Manufactured by Cytiva
Sourced in United Kingdom
The Whatman membrane filter is a laboratory filtration product designed for a variety of applications. It is a porous membrane that allows the passage of fluids while retaining particulates. The filter is available in different pore sizes to accommodate different filtration needs.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Collagenase 2, by Worthington (2 mentions)
Dnase 1, by Worthington (2 mentions)
Whatman filter paper, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Complete edta free protease inhibitor cocktail, by Roche (1 mentions)
Nutrient broth, by BD (1 mentions)
Collagenase, by Roche (1 mentions)
Dispase, by Roche (1 mentions)
Collagen 1, by Corning (1 mentions)
40 m nylon mesh, by BD (1 mentions)
Rlt plus buffer, by Qiagen (1 mentions)
Protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail, by Roche (1 mentions)
Collagen type 1, by Corning (1 mentions)
Collagenase dispase, by Roche (1 mentions)
18 protocols using whatman membrane filter
1
Gromwell Root-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots
2
Airborne Particulate Matter Sampling
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With the help of Scientific Kit Corporation air check MTX Sidekick sampling pump (224–52MTX Model) by filtration through Whatman membrane filters of a radius of 25 mm with a pore size of 3.0 μm, the particulate matter (PM) samples from welding fumes were collected daily from 8 am to 4 pm for three days continuously (4th–6th September). The welding fumes were channeled into a flow rate detector with an embedded filter to extract the particles in the generated fumes. The high-volume sampler was operating at a flow rate of 2.2 L/min. Each sampling group was made of a filter holder manifold connected to the sampling pump by a Teflon tube. The particulates were collected on Whatman filter paper from the sampling point. The sampler was installed on top of a building approximately 4.0–6.0 m high above the ground level and separate from other buildings.
3
Biomass and Sugar Quantification
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Dry biomass data were determined by filtering 1 ml of cell suspension through preweighted Whatman membrane filters (pore diameter of 0.2 μm). The filters were rapidly washed with 10 ml of distilled water, dried at 80°C for 24 h, and weighed. Duplicate determinations varied by less than 5%.
The glucose concentration was estimated with a rapid detection assay using a commercially available dipstick (Diabur-Test 5000; Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany) commonly used for measuring glucose in urine (range, 1–50 g/l) as previously described (Viana et al. [2012 (link)]). Samples were periodically taken after glucose exhaustion, and the fructose concentration was estimated by using the Nelson-Somogyi method (Nelson [1944 ]), as described previously (Fournier [2001 ]). A calibration curve was created by correlating the OD620nm to the fructose concentration of standard solutions in the range of 0 to 2 g/l, using linear regression (R2 ≥ 0.99).
The glucose concentration was estimated with a rapid detection assay using a commercially available dipstick (Diabur-Test 5000; Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany) commonly used for measuring glucose in urine (range, 1–50 g/l) as previously described (Viana et al. [2012 (link)]). Samples were periodically taken after glucose exhaustion, and the fructose concentration was estimated by using the Nelson-Somogyi method (Nelson [1944 ]), as described previously (Fournier [2001 ]). A calibration curve was created by correlating the OD620nm to the fructose concentration of standard solutions in the range of 0 to 2 g/l, using linear regression (R2 ≥ 0.99).
4
Quantitative HPLC Analysis of Compounds
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High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Waters 600 system (Marchall Scientific, Hampton, NH, USA) and a Hector C18 (5 μm, 4.6 × 250 mm) Column were used for quantitative surveys of the contents of the compounds. The mobile phase consists of solvents A (H2O) and B (Acetonitrile, ACN), which were described and filtered by Whatman® membrane filters (0.2 μm, diam. 47 mm) (Table 2 ).
5
Mycotoxin Analysis in Palm Kernel Cake
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Palm kernel cake (PKC) samples were collected from local mills across different regions in Malaysia (Shah Alam and Kelantan in Selangor and Kelantan state respectively). Representative samples of the PKC were prepared as described previously [46 (link)]. Analytical pure standards of the aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA) zearalenone (ZEA), trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2 and T-2 toxin) and fumonisins (FB1-FB2), were purchased from VICAM (Watertown, MA, USA). Chitosan (CTS > 85% deacetylation) was sourced from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Deionized water was prepared with a water purifier (Elga Classic UV MK2; Elga, Marlow, UK). HPLC-grade solvents (acetonitrile, methanol and formic acid) were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Filtration of all eluents was done using 0.22-μm Whatman membrane filters (Whatman, 110 Maidstone, UK).
6
Algal Biomass Preparation and Particle Size Fractionation
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The algal biomass was deactivated by heating in an autoclave at 121 °C for 10 min (Gupta et al., 2015 ). Biomass was then harvested by filtering the cultured medium through cellulose nitrate Whatman membrane filters with pore size of 45 μm, and washed with deionized water. The biomass was then sun dried for 3 days, followed by oven drying at 55 °C for 24 h, and ground in a stone mortar pestle to get uniform particle size. The sieved material (195-148, 148-132, and 132-98 μm) was stored in air tight container for further use.
7
Habitat Stability Impacts Sediment Microbiomes
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Microcosm experiments were performed to compare how habitat stability and variability affects the community structure of permeable sediments. Surface (0–3 cm) and deep (20–25 cm) intertidal sediments were collected from Middle Park beach on October 9, 2019. They were incubated in slurries comprising a 160 mL serum vial containing 30 g of sieved sand (wet weight) and 70 mL of seawater (filtered on 0.45 µm Whatman membrane filters). The vials were sealed with butyl rubber stoppers and Wheaton closed-top seals. All vials were incubated on a shaker (100 rpm) at room temperature. Three different treatments were applied for both surface and deep. For the light oxic slurries, vials were aerated daily with laboratory air and continuously exposed to 60 μmol photons m−2 s−1. For the dark anoxic slurries, vials were purged with high-purity nitrogen gas and covered with aluminum foil. For the oxic-anoxic transition slurries, vials were transferred between light oxic to dark anoxic conditions every 24 h. All incubations were performed in triplicate. DNA was extracted from the original sediments (control group) and each slurry after 14 days of incubation. Community composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing as described above, with a total of 19,572 ASVs retained (Table S11 ).
8
Adsorption Kinetics of Hg(II) Removal
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A stock solution of Hg(ii ) (1000 mg L−1) was prepared by dissolving analytical grade HgCl2 salt in deionized water. For all experiments the desired concentration of Hg(ii ) solutions having pH 5 ± 0.1 adjusted with 0.5 M NaOH or 0.5 M HCl were obtained by diluting the freshly prepared stock solution with deionized water. Batch experiments were performed using 100 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 mL of the Hg(ii ) solutions. The initial Hg(ii ) concentration range was 1–20 mg L−1, which was in accordance with the commonly found range of industrial wastewater effluents. The Erlenmeyer flasks were agitated on a rotary shaker at 150 rpm and at room temperature (25 °C). For adsorption kinetic and isotherm studies, after each sampling time (60 min, 120 min, 240 min, 360 min, 540 min, 690 min, 810 min, and 930 min), the suspensions were filtered immediately by passing through 0.22 μm Whatman membrane filter and then used for analysis. In order to avoid errors, all the experiments were performed in triplicate, and the results were finalized by calculating the mean values.
9
Parthenogenetic Activation and Oocyte Quality
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Chemicals, culture media and all supplements were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., AppliChem unless otherwise stated. Media were freshly prepared, pre-warmed at 38.5 °C and filtrated with 0.2 µm Whatman membrane filter directly before use.
Our experiments were based on a comparison of two methods of parthenogenetic activation. After evaluating the success of parthenogenetic activation, we focused on comparison of the morphological assessment of oocyte quality and the vital assessment by Lissamine Green B staining, where we evaluated MII phase achieving, cleavage rate, blastocyst rate and proteomic profiling.
Our experiments were based on a comparison of two methods of parthenogenetic activation. After evaluating the success of parthenogenetic activation, we focused on comparison of the morphological assessment of oocyte quality and the vital assessment by Lissamine Green B staining, where we evaluated MII phase achieving, cleavage rate, blastocyst rate and proteomic profiling.
10
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Leaf Extract Preparation
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Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Tuscan blue cultivar, Linnean Herbarium number LINN 41.1, authenticated at the Botanical Museum and Garden of University of Siena) fresh leaves were collected in spring (April) in Val d’Orcia (Tuscany, Italy, 42°56′02″ N 11°38′17″ E). The fresh leaves were washed three times in distilled water and left to dry at room temperature for 24 h. Then, the leaves were chopped with a scalpel. The extract was obtained by putting 20 g of chopped leaves in 80 g of 60% (v/v) ethanol (EtOH) for 48 h at room temperature in a shaker incubator. At the end of the incubation, the suspension was filtered by a 0.45 µm Whatman membrane filter and dried using a rotary evaporator. The dry extract obtained was weighted and the percentage yield was expressed as air-dried weight of plant material. Samples then were stored at 2–4 °C until it was time to conduct further analysis.
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