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11 protocols using bovine lactoferrin

1

Antimicrobial Activity of Bovine Lactoferrin

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The in vitro antimicrobial activity of bovine lactoferrin (Sigma–Aldrich) was assessed by the broth microdilution method according to CLSI guidelines.33 bovine lactoferrin was diluted to obtain a concentration from 2.5 to 320 mg/mL. MIC values were measured by determining the lowest concentration of bovine lactoferrin needed to inhibit the visible growth of the microorganisms. The MBC was determined as the lowest concentration of bovine lactoferrin that gave complete inhibition of colony formation on plates. Each determination was performed in triplicate.
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2

Quantification of HBsAg Binding Inhibition

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In competitive HBsAg-binding inhibition immunoassays, tested competitors, including human whey, bovine whey, goat whey, human lactoferrin, recombinant human lactoferrin, and bovine lactoferrin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), were each pre-incubated with 0.04 μg/mL recombinant HBsAg or 20 IU/mL HBsAg-positive serum at room temperature for 5 min. The mixtures were subjected to semi-quantification or quantification of HBsAg. The percentage of decreased HBsAg titers after the pre-incubation was calculated as the HBsAg-binding inhibition ratio.
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3

Glycoprotein Analysis Using PNGase F

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All chemicals were sourced from Sigma Aldrich (Sydney, Australia) unless otherwise specified. Peptide: N-glycosidase F (PNGase F, product#: V4831) was obtained from Promega (Sydney, Australia). All solvents used were LC-MS grade and obtained from Merck Millipore (Sydney, Australia). Bovine ribonuclease B (product#: R7884), porcine gastric mucin (product#: M1778), human IgA (product#: I1010), bovine lactoferrin (product#: L9507), human lactoferrin (product#: L0520), bovine fetuin (product#: F3385) and human IgG (product#: I4506) were sourced from Sigma Aldrich (Sydney, Australia). Human neutrophil elastase (product#: 342–40) was sourced from LeeBio (Maryland Heights, USA). Fungal cellobiohydrolase I was isolated as previously described.17 (link) All other chemicals were analytical grade.
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4

Bovine Lactoferrin, Dexamethasone, and Captopril Effects

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Bovine lactoferrin (Sigma-Aldrich Co., USA), dexamethasone (Raha Pharmaceutical Co., Iran) and captopril (Tehran Darou, Iran), were used in this study. Plasma lipid hydroperoxides measurement and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were performed using standard assay kits (East Sage Research Co., Iran).
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5

Mouse Osteoblast Cell Line Protocol

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The mouse osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 was obtained from the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China). Pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1; 2,500 U/mg of protein) was supplied by Novozymes (Beijing, China). The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay kit was purchased from Beyotime (Shanghai, China). Bovine lactoferrin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO). The cell-counting kit 8 (CCK-8) was supplied by Dojindo (Japan). Alizarin red solution was obtained from Cyagen Biosciences Inc. (Suzhou, China) .
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6

Cloning and Purification of Bovine Proteins

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The B. longum subsp. Infantis ATCC 15697 strain used in this study was obtained from the University of California Davis Viticulture and Enology Culture Collection (Davis, CA). Bifidobacterium was grown in ManRogose–Sharp (MRS) broth supplemented with 0.05% (w/v) l-cysteine (Sigma-Aldrich). The cells were anaerobically grown in a vinyl chamber (Coy Laboratory Products, Grass Lake, MI) at 37°C for 24 h, in an atmosphere consisting of 5% carbon dioxide, 5% hydrogen, and 90% nitrogen. The E. coli Bl21* strain used for protein expression was grown in Luria Broth (LB) media containing Carbenicillin (100 μg/mL). All incubations were carried out in an Innova 4000 shaker (New Brunswick Scientific, New Jersey) at 200 rpm and 37°C. Bovine lactoferrin and RNase B were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Gene cloning, expression, and purification and pilot-scale production of protein concentrate from bovine colostrum whey were performed as described before.27
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7

Isolation and Purification of Mammalian N-Glycoproteins

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Mammalian N-glycoproteins-Most mammalian N-glycoproteins, shown in the Table 1 and Fig. 1 [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] , α-acid gp, bovine lactoferrin, porcine thyrogobulin, and laminin etc. were purchased from Sigma.
THGP, Tamm-Horsfall glycoproteins provided by the late Dr. W.M. Watkins (University of London, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK), were isolated with 0.58 M NaCl from the urine of donors with the Sd (a+) or Sd (a-) blood group by the method of Tamm and Horsfall [45, 46] . The precipitated material was lyophilized, and its lipid content was removed with 9:1, 2:1, and 1:2 chloroformmethanol treatment and further purified as described.
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8

Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation Protocol

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MICs against planktonic strains were evaluated by a micro-method previously reported (Schillaci et al. 2008) . Briefly, a series of solution in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) with concentrations ranging from 25 to 0.3 mg/ml were obtained by twofold serial dilution in 96 well plate. To each well 10 µl of a bacterial suspension obtained from a 24 h culture which contained 10 6 cfu /ml was added in 100 µl of TSB medium. The plate was incubated at 37°C for 24 h. After this time, MIC values were evaluated by a microplate reader (ELX 800, Bio-Tek Instruments) as the lowest concentration of compound at which the optical density (OD) at 570 nm of the well was comparable to the negative control well (broth only). The activity of human cathelicidin LL-37 (Sigma) and bovine lactoferrin (Sigma) were tested for comparative and quality control purposes.
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9

Lactoferrin and β-Lactoglobulin Modification

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Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate and sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate were from BDH (Poole, UK). Bovine lactoferrin, β-LG, and lactose and all other general chemicals were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Lactoferrin and β-LG were each dissolved in PBS (10 mM, pH 6.8) at a concentration of 0.15 mM (11.1 mg/mL of lactoferrin, 2.67 mg/mL of LG). The solutions were heated at 55°C in the presence or absence of lactose (146 mM) with agitation using a Mini LabRoller rotator (Labnet, Woodbridge, NJ) for 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h. This resulted in a 973-fold molar ratio excess of lactose:protein, reflecting a biologically relevant lactose concentration and the lactose:substrate ratios used in Dalsgaard et al. (2007) and Meltretter et al. (2007) .
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10

Substrate-Specific Activity of MdpS

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The substrate-specific activity was measured with densitometric quantification from reduced SDS-PAGE, after MdpS incubation with IgG (1,2,3,4), IgE, IgM, CTLA-4-IgG1 (Abatacept), TNFR-IgG1 (Etanercept), Lactoferrin, Albumin and Fetuin in 0.1 M Tris, pH 7.5, with 2 mM Ca2+ (18 h, 37°C). Humanized IgG1 Trastuzumab (Roche, Switzerland), human IgG2 Panitumumab (Amgen, United States), human plasma IgG3 myeloma (Merck), human IgG4 Nivolumab (Bristol-Myers Squibb, United States), native pIgA purified from plasma (Calbiochem, United States), human IgE myeloma (Merck), human serum IgM (Merck), fusion protein Abatacept (Bristol-Myers Squibb), fusion protein Etanercept (Pfizer Inc.), fetal calf serum Fetuin (NEB, United States), human serum Albumin (Merck), and bovine Lactoferrin (Merck) were used.
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