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504 protocols using ab13970

1

Antibody Validation for Insect Research

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The following antibodies were used in this study:

Mouse anti-cockroach allatostatin (Ast7) (DSHB 5F10, 1:2 v/v dilution)

Mouse anti-fly BRP (DSHB nc82, RRID AB_23148662, 1:50 v/v dilution)

Mouse anti-fly Dlg (4F3, DSHB, RRIDAB_528203, 1:50 v/v dilution)

Chicken anti-GFP (Abcam ab13970, RRID AB_300798, 1:2000 v/v dilution)

Alexa 488 goat anti-chicken (A-11039 Thermo Fisher Scientific, RRID AB_2534096, 1:1000 v/v dilution)

Alexa 647 donkey anti-mouse (715-605-151, Jackson ImmunoResearch, RRID AB_2340863, 1:500 v/v dilution).

Alexa 568 goat anti-mouse (A-11004 Thermo Fisher Scientific, RRID: AB_2534072, 1:500 v/v dilution)

The validation of the four primary antibodies is as follows. The anti-allatostatin antibody (Ast7) (DSHB 5F10, 1:2 v/v dilution) was originally validated by immunohistochemistry96 (link) and has since been documented in 12 publications. Mouse anti-fly disks large (DSHB 4F3) were raised against the second PDZ domain of Dlg95 (link), and have been widely used in Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and other applications in 95 publications. Chicken anti-GFP (Abcam ab13970, RRID AB_300798, 1:2000 v/v dilution) has been validated by Abcam via Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Mouse anti-fly BRP (DSHB nc82, RRID AB_23148662, 1:50 v/v dilution) was originally identified to bind to the Bruchpilot protein94 (link) and has been documented in over 1000 publications.
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2

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Musculoskeletal Tissues

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Humeral head and supraspinatus tendon composite were harvested and fixed in the 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS overnight at room temperature. After decalcified and dehydrated, samples were embedded in Tissue-Tek O.C.T. Compound (SAKURA, Torrance, USA) and cut into 10 μm thickness of sagittal sections. Cell samples were fixed in the 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 30 min at room temperature. Both the parts and cell samples were blocked in 5% BSA for 40 min at room temperature and incubated with the primary antibodies anti-DMP1 (Abcam, 1:400, ab13970), anti-GFP (Abcam, 1:400, ab13970 or 1:400, ab290), anti-Sox9 (Abcam, 1:400; ab185966), anti-TGF-βR2 (Abcam, 1:400, ab186838) at 4 °C overnight. After washing, the sections were then incubated with the respective secondary antibodies (1:500, Abcam) for 1 hr at room temperature and sealed with DAPI. The images were captured with a Leica TCS-SP8 confocal microscope (Leica, Germany).
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3

Immunofluorescence Staining for Gene-Editing Effects

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In the immunofluorescence staining, the brain sections from monkey Middle age 2 were washed for 5 min in 0.01 mol/L PBS containing 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0.3% Triton X-100, and then incubated with a set of primary antibodies (in 0.01 mol/L PBS with 1% BSA and 0.3% Triton X-100) overnight at 4 °C.
In gene-editing effect tests, two sets of primary antibodies were used: (1) anti-EGFP (ab6673, Abcam), anti-NeuN (ABN78, Millipore), anti-Paris (75-195, NeuroMab); and (2) anti-EGFP (ab13970, Abcam), anti-NeuN (MABN377, Millipore), and anti-DJ-1 (ab201147, Abcam).
For glial cell co-staining, another set of primary antibodies was used: anti-GFAP (SMI-21R, Covance Research Products Inc.), anti-Iba1 (019-19741, Wako), and anti-EGFP (ab13970, Abcam).
All the sections were subsequently treated with the corresponding secondary antibodies (1:1000, Alexa-Fluor-conjugated, Invitrogen). DAPI was used to label nuclei and the sections were mounted with 75% glycerol for microscopy.
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4

Mapping Connections of PPG Neurons

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YFP immunoperoxidase-labeled brainstem sections from 6 male and 2 female PPG-YFP mice were generated in previously published projects that focused on other research questions (Llewellyn-Smith et al., 2011 (link), 2013 (link)). Thus, while no new immunoperoxidase-labeled mouse material was generated for the present study, the cNTS-focused microscopic analysis of this material has not been previously reported. Close appositions by PPG-YFP axons onto PPG-YFP dendrites were identified in sections labeled using chicken anti-GFP (Abcam; 1:20K; AB_13970) and a Ni-intensified DAB reaction, as previously reported (Llewellyn-Smith et al., 2011 (link), 2013 (link)). Close appositions by PPG-YFP axons onto PPG-YFP cell bodie were identified in sections labeled using the same chicken anti-GFP antibody diluted 1:400K, followed by an imidazole-intensified DAB reaction.
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5

Multicolor Immunohistochemistry of Transgenic Mice

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To allow adequate time for fluorophore expression, animals were perfused and sacrificed 2–4 weeks post-surgery. Transcardial perfusion was performed using saline, followed by 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Dissected brains were post-fixed in 4% PFA overnight, followed by 30% sucrose solution in PBS for 2 days, or until brains sank. Brain sections (60 μm thickness) were first washed, blocked and stained with rabbit-anti-PV (1:1,000, Swant: PV-28, RRID:AB_2315235), chicken-anti-GFP (1:1,000, Abcam:AB_13970, RRID:AB_300798) and rat-anti-mcherry (1:1,000, mCherry Monoclonal Antibody (16D7) from Thermo Fisher Scientific, RRID:AB_2536611) primary antibodies overnight at RT, or for 2 days at 4°C. These sections were then washed and treated with secondary antibodies (1:1,000, Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 568, and Alexa Fluor 647; RRID:AB_142924, RRID:AB_2534121, RRID:AB_2536101) at RT for 2–3 h. Stained sections were also stained with DAPI, to visualize cell nuclei.
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6

Mapping Proglucagon Neuron Connectivity

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Yellow fluorescent protein immunoperoxidase‐labeled brainstem sections from six male and two female PPG‐YFP mice were generated in previously published projects that focused on other research questions (Llewellyn‐Smith et al., 2013; Llewellyn‐Smith, Reimann, Gribble, & Trapp, 2011). Thus, while no new immunoperoxidase‐labeled mouse material was generated for this study, the cNTS‐focused microscopic analysis of this material has not been previously reported. Close appositions by PPG‐YFP axons onto PPG‐YFP dendrites were identified in sections labeled using chicken anti‐GFP (Abcam; 1:20 K; AB_13970) and a Ni‐intensified DAB reaction, as previously reported (Llewellyn‐Smith et al., 2011, 2013). Close appositions by PPG‐YFP axons onto PPG‐YFP cell bodies were identified in sections labeled using the same chicken anti‐GFP antibody diluted 1:400 K, followed by an imidazole‐intensified DAB reaction.
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7

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Corneal Cells

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Immunohistochemical staining was performed on experimental and control tissue sections as previously described (Singh et al., 2012 (link) and 2013 ). Briefly, sections from the central cornea were washed with PBS twice for five minutes each and permeabilized with 1% triton X-100 for one hour at room temperature. Sections were incubated with 4% normal goat serum with 1% BSA in PBS at room temperature for one hour to block non-specific binding. Sections were stained for α-smooth muscle actin with rabbit polyclonal antibody (ab5694, Abcam, San Francisco, CA) diluted 1:100 in 1% normal goat serum in PBS and/or for GFP with chicken polyclonal antibody (ab13970, Abcam) diluted 1:750 in 1% normal goat serum in PBS for 90 minutes. Sections were washed with PBS and then incubated with respective secondary antibodies (A11037 Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY) Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit IgG, 1:200 dilution or A11039 (Invitrogen) Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-chicken IgG, 1:1000 dilution, for 60 minutes before washing with PBS four times. Immunohistochemical controls were performed with omitted primary antibody. Coverslips were mounted with Vectashield containing DAPI (Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame, CA) to allow visualization of all nuclei in the tissue sections.
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8

Immunocytochemistry Protocol for Cell Imaging

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For immunocytochemistry, cells were plated on glass cover slips coated with poly-d-lysine. Cells were washed 2× with ice cold 1× PBS, followed by fixation with fresh 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature (RT), blocked for 1 h at RT (10% goat serum and 0.3% Triton X-100 in 1× PBS), and incubated with primary antibodies (anti-HA, ab18181; anti-GFP, ab13970; anti-NeuN, ab104224; Abcam) at a concentration of 1:1000 at RT for 2 h or overnight at 4°C in 1:3 diluted blocking buffer. Slides were then washed and incubated with the appropriate Alexa Flour secondary antibodies (Abcam) at a concentration of 1:1000 for 1 h at RT. Slides were mounted using ProLong Gold Antifade Mountant with DAPI (Invitrogen) and images were acquired using a IX73 microscope (Olympus) and cellSens standard software.
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9

Immunostaining of Embryonic and Tissue Samples

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For immunostaining, embryos and tissue were processed as previously described24 and staining was performed on 100 µm thick vibratome sections in PBS with 0.3% Triton (PBST) and 3% BSA (Sigma A3608). Antisera were as follows: chicken anti-GFP 1/1000 (Abcam ab13970), rabbit anti-RFP 1/500 (Abcam ab62341), goat anti-Sox2 1/500 (R&D AF2018), rabbit anti-Sox9 (Millipore AB5535), rabbit anti-Prdm16 1/200 (gift from P. Seale67 ), rabbit anti-Pax6 1/500 (Covance PRB-278P), rabbit anti-Hes1 1/100 (Cell Signalling D6P2U), goat anti-Gli3 1/500 (R&D AF3690). DNA was stained with DAPI. Fluorescent images were acquired using a Leica SP8 confocal microscope and analysed using ImageJ.
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10

Antibodies for Western Blotting and Immunostaining

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The antibodies used for western blotting (for human) were as follows: GFP (abcam, ab290, 1:2,000), α-tubulin (CST, 3873s, 1:2,000), GAPDH (CST, 2118s, 1:2,000), Flag (MBL, M185, 1:2,000), Myc (MBL, M047-3, 1:5,000), HA (MBL, M180-3, 1:5,000), Phospho-JNK (CST, 9255, 1:1,000), and WDR62 (bethyl, A310-550A, 1:1,000). For mouse, they were as follows: WDR62 (abcam, 1:1,000), WDR62 antibody generated by MBL company using antigen VGQGGNQPKAGPLRAGTC, Phospho-WDR62 1053T (present from Dominic) [52 (link)], and MEKK3 (CST, 5727, 1:1,000). The antibodies used for immunostaining were Sox2 (abcam, ab97959, 1:1,000), Pax6 (Covance, PRB-278P, 1:400), Tbr2 (Millipore, ab2283, 1:1,000), β-III Tubulin/Tuj1 (abcam, ab7751, 1:1,000), γ-Tubulin (abcam, ab11316, 1:1,000), α-Tubulin (CST, 3873, 1:2,000), Phosph-Histone 3 (P-H3) (abcam, ab10543, 1:1,000), Nestin (abcam, ab6142, 1:1,000), GFP (abcam, ab13970, 1:1,000), Ki67 (abcam, ab15580, 1:1,000), BrdU (abcam, ab6326, 1:500), Phospho-JNK (abcam, ab124956, 1:1,000), activated-caspase3 (abcam, ab13847, 1:1,000). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) (Invitrogen).
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