Ambion Mag MAX-96 AI/ND Viral RNA Isolation Kit (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, U.S.A.) or the EZ1 Virus Mini Kit v2.0 (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). For the Mag MAX-96 AI/ND Viral RNA Isolation Kit, following overnight stationary
incubation to obtain a supernatant, 50 µl of fecal suspension supernatant was used to extract total nucleic acids according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For the EZ1 Virus Mini Kit v2.0, 250
µl of the fecal suspension was mixed with 750 µl of QIAzol lysis reagent (Qiagen). The solution was then mixed with 200 µl of chloroform by vortexing. Subsequent to
centrifugation at 12,000 ×g, 15 min, 4°C, 400 µl of the supernatant was used to extract total nucleic acids according to the manufacturer’s instructions. DNA concentration was measured using a
Qubit 3.0 Fluorometer (Life Technologies) and the Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit (Life Technologies) to confirm that the two types of total nucleic acid solutions were used as the DNA template for identification of host avian species.
Concentrations of 0.5 ng/µl and 1.1 ng/µl were obtained using the Mag MAX-96 AI/ND Viral RNA Isolation Kit and EZ1 Virus Mini Kit v2.0 solutions,
respectively.