Mannitol

The seeds were sown in a 1/2 MS medium with 125 mM NaCl (YongDa Chemical, Tianjin, China) and 200 mM mannitol (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) or 1 μM ABA (Yuanye Bio-Technology, Shanghai, China), and grew vertically for 7 days.

DTX was purchased by Hengrui Pharma Co., Ltd. (Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China). Taxotere was obtained from Sanofi Pharma Co., Ltd. (Paris, France). Medium molecular weight chitosan (deacetylation ratio of 75%–85%), glutaraldehyde, paraffin, span-80, mannitol and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Sinopharm, Shanghai, China. Paclitaxel was obtained from Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). All other materials or solvent were of reagent or analytical grade.
The experiments were performed on rats weighing between 210 ± 20 g and mice weighing between 20 ± 2 g. The animals were kept in cages in a room at a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C, with a 12:12 light-dark cycle. Food and water were freely available. All experiments were performed in strict accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals as adopted by the China National Institutes of Health (Shanghai, China).

We used the following reagents: cepharanthine (purity 98%, Chengdu Jianteng Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China), acetic acid (batch number: 2020825, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), lactose (batch number: 970421, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Pharmaceutical Supply Station, Beijing, China), mannitol (batch number: 20190322, Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), anhydrous ethanol (batch number: 10009294, Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), dexamethasone (purity 99.86%, MedChemexpress, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA), Isoflurane (batch number: S10010533, Shanghai Yuyan Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China), Rat TNF-α ELISA Kit (batch number: ml102828V, Shanghai Enzyme Link Biotechnology Co., Shanghai, China), BCA protein concentration assay kit (batch number: TC 263614, Thermo), methanol (chromatographic purity, Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd.), and other reagents are analytically pure.

Sucrose (SUC, 97 %), Maltose (MAL, 97 %), Mannose (MAN, 99 %), D‐Threitol (97 %) and Ammonium Metatungstate (AMT, 99.5 %) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. Erythrose (ERO, 75 %), meso‐Erythtirol (99 %), Erythrulose (ERU, 85 %), 1,2‐propylene glycol (1,2‐PG, 98 %), Ammonium Phosphomolybdic (APM, AR) and Ammonium Paratungstate (APT, 99.5 %) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. Glycolaldehyde dimer (GA, 98 %), Glucose (GLU, 99.5 %), Fructose (99 %) and Ethylene glycol (EG, 99.8 %) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Mannitol (98 %) and Sorbitol (98 %) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Company. Ammonium tungsten oxide (AT, 99.9 %) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Deionized water was produced by a laboratory water purification system. All other reagents were commercially available and were used as received.
The hydrogenation catalysts used in the investigation were Ru/C (5 % Ruthenium on activated carbon, Maclin), Pd/C (5 % Palladium on activated carbon, Aladdin) and Pt/C (5 % Platinum on activated carbon, Aladdin). XRD patterns of these catalysts indicated their small metal sizes (Figure S6).

Brimonidine Tartrate Reference Substance (BRT, purity > 98%) was purchased from Hangzhou Deli Chemical Co., Ltd. (Hangzhou, China). Gellan gum was procured from Zhejiang Tianwei Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (TW-JY800, low acyl gellan gum, Zhuji, China). Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (USP2910, viscosity was 3 mPa·s for 2% Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) and tromethamine were supplied by Aladdin Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Mannitol and triethylamine were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Benzalkonium chloride was provided by Fluka Company. Methanol (Linhai Zhedong Special Reagent Co., Ltd., Linhai, China) and acetonitrile (Tedia^®, Tedia Company Inc., Fairfield, OH, USA) were HPLC-grade. Sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were obtained from Chengdu Kelon Chemical Reagent Factory (Chengdu, China). 0.2% brimonidine tartrate eye drops were provided by Allergan, Inc., (Mayo, Ireland). Other reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade.

Standard solutions of AFB₁, ZEA, CTN, and AFB_2a-BSA (bovine serum albumin) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Urbana, IL, USA). ZEA-BSA was purchased from Aokin AG (Berlin, Germany). The Anti-AFB₁ monoclonal antibody and Anti-ZEA monoclonal antibody were prepared in mouse ascites fluid according to previously reported methods in our laboratory. CTN-BSA and CTN antibody were obtained from Wuxi Determine Biotech Co., Ltd. (Wuxi, China). The anti-mouse IgG was purchased from Boster Bioengineering Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China). Mannitol, 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), sucrose, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and Tween-20 were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Eu-nanosphere particles Eu-nanosphere particles were obtained from Shanghai Uni-bio Biological Co. (190 ± 10 nm particle size, solid content 0.94%). The nitrocellulose membranes and absorbent pads were procured from Millipore (Bedford, OH, USA). The XYZ 3050 Biostrip Dispenser and CM 4000 Cutter (Bio-Dot, Irvine, CA, USA) were used to prepare lateral flow immunoassay.

PLGA (50:50; molecular weight, 40,000) was obtained from Jinan Daigang Biomaterial Co., Ltd. (Shandong, China). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA; 88% mole hydrolyzed) and (D+)-camphor were purchased from Aladdin Chemistry Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Methylene chloride, isopropanol, mannitol and phosphotungstic acid were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated rabbit anti-human HER2 monoclonal antibody and control rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody were synthesized by BD Biosciences (Palo Alto, CA, USA). Phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated rat anti-mouse VEGFR2 monoclonal antibody was synthesized by Shanghai Jinmai Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). C₃F₈ gas was purchased from Shanghai Renjie Ling Optics Instrument Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China).