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3 protocols using e cadherin af748

1

Western Blot Analysis of Cell Lysates

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Protein samples were prepared by CelLytic MT Cell Lysis Reagent (Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, MO) supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail, which contained 2 µg/mL of aprotinin, 2 µg/mL of leupeptin, and 100 µmol/L of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Then, 20 mg of the protein lysate was resolved by SDS–PAGE on 8% or 10% gels, transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes, and probed with antibodies against Clock (ab3517; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), E-cadherin (AF748; R and D systems, Minneapolis, MN), Claudin1 (13050–1-AP; proteintech, Rosemont, IL), Vimentin (MAB21052; R and D systems), p84 (THOC1, 10920–1-AP; proteintech), and β-Actin (sc-1616; SantaCruz Biotechnology, Texas, TX). Specific antigen–antibody complexes were visualized using horseradish peroxidase–conjugated secondary antibodies and a chemiluminescence reagent. The membranes were photographed, and the density of each band was analyzed with an ImageQuant LAS 3000 (Fuji Film, Japan).
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2

Comprehensive Protein Expression Analysis

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Western blot analysis was carried out on whole cell lysates. Antibodies against Tim-3 (Ab241332), NF-κB (p65) (Ab16502), p-NF-κB (p-p65) (Ab194726) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A (Ab9570) were purchased from (Abcam Cambridge, UK). GAPDH (sc-47724), p-β-catenin (sc-16743-R), cyclin D1 (CCND1) (sc-8396), C-Myc (sc-70465), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) (sc-21731), TWIST (sc-6269), zona occludens (ZO)-1 (sc-10804), ZO-2 (sc-11448), occludin (sc-133256) and VEGFB (sc-13083) antibodies were obtained from Santa Cruz (Insight Biotechnology Limited, Middlesex UK). E-Cadherin (AF748) and VEGFD (MAB286) antibodies were purchased from R&D Systems (Abingdon, Oxfordshire, UK). STAT3 (S5933), p-STAT3 (SAB4504541), interleukin (IL)-6 (17901) and β-catenin (C2206) antibodies were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, Dorset, UK). Anti-mouse (A5278), anti-rabbit (A0545) and anti-goat (A8919) secondary antibodies were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, Dorset, UK).
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3

Intestinal Crypt Enteroid Culture and Cytokine Treatment

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Primary intestinal crypt cultures (enteroids) were established and maintained in culture according to the methods published by Sato et al. (11 (link)) with a few modifications (9 (link), 12 (link)). Enteroids were seeded on Matrigel, allowed to grow for at least 24 h before treatment with recombinant rat IL-17A (Peprotech – 100 ng/mL) or vehicle alone for 6 hours in order to evaluate cell proliferation, differentiation and death by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and confocal microscopy as described in the next section. The following antibodies were used for IHC analysis: BrdU (BRD494 – Novus Biosciences), chromogranin A (ab15160 – Abcam), e-cadherin (AF748 – R&D Systems), Ki67 (ab15580 – Abcam) and mucin glycoprotein 2 (Muc2, sc-15334 – Santa Cruz). Nuclear counterstaining was performed using DAPI (Pierce).
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, dissolved in DMSO and corn oil (1:1 – final concentration 6 mg/mL, protected from light) and administered daily by gavage to breast-fed and NEC mice (50 μg/mouse) for the duration of the experimental induction of NEC.
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