After being dissolved in normal saline, 2′-3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC, zalcitabine) (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a dose of 25 mg/kg in a volume of 10 mL/kg. β-Caryophyllene (BCP) (Sigma Aldrich) was mixed with normal saline and put in the sonicator until emulsion formation and administered by oral gavage at a loading dose of 50 mg/kg and a maintenance dose of 25 mg/kg twice daily for 5 days, or at a dose of 25 mg/kg once after neuropathic pain had been established, similar to the doses used previously [42 (link)]. Minocycline (Sigma Aldrich) was dissolved by adding normal saline followed by ultra-sonication until completely dissolved and was administered i.p. at a dose of 50 mg/kg, similar to the doses used previously [50 (link)]. Pentoxifylline (Sigma Aldrich) was dissolved in normal saline and was administered i.p. at a dose of 100 mg/kg, similar to the doses used previously [48 (link)]. The CB1 receptor antagonist AM 251 (Tocris, Bristol, UK) and the CB2 receptor antagonist AM 630 (Tocris) were dissolved (ultrasonicated to prevent foam formation) in normal saline containing 5% Tween 80 and 5% propylene glycol and both drugs were administered i.p. at a dose of 3 mg/kg, similar to the doses used previously [12 (link),50 (link),78 (link)]. All the drugs were freshly prepared on the day of administration.
β caryophyllene bcp
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
β-Caryophyllene (BCP) is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene compound found in various essential oils, including clove, black pepper, and cannabis. It is a versatile lab equipment product that can be used for research and analysis purposes.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Am630, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Pentoxifylline, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Minocycline, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Am251, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Curcumin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Linalool, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
α pinene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
β pinene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
R limonene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
α humulene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
β myrcene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cadmium chloride cdcl2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
4 protocols using β caryophyllene bcp
1
Pharmacological Interventions for Neuropathic Pain
2
Chondrocyte Inflammatory Response Modulation
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Chondrocytes were cultured in six well culture plates at a density of 2.5 × 105 cells/well. Sixteen hours after seeding, a set of plates were treated with LPS (2 µg/ml; Escherichia coli serotype 055:B5; Sigma-Aldrich, USA) or with IL-1β (10 ng/ml) alone or in combination with curcumin (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) at doses of 0.65, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 µg/ml and with flavocoxid (Primus Pharmaceuticals, AZ, USA) at doses of 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 µg/ml. curcumin had a purity ≥80% whereas flavocoxid had a purity ≥90% with a ratio of 4:1 in the relation between baicalin and catechin.
LPS (stock solution of 1 mg/ml) and IL-1β (stock solution 1 µg/ml) were dissolved in water whereas both curcumin and flavocoxid were dissolved in DMSO.
A further set of plates were treated with LPS (2 µg/ml) or with IL-1β (10 ng/ml) alone or in combination with curcumin at the same doses reported above and with β-caryophyllene (BCP, purity ≥90%) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) at doses of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 µg/ml dissolved in DMSO (10 mg/ml).BCP purity was ≥90%. Since curcumin has a half-life of about 3 h, cells underwent biochemical evaluation 4 h after the treatments.
LPS (stock solution of 1 mg/ml) and IL-1β (stock solution 1 µg/ml) were dissolved in water whereas both curcumin and flavocoxid were dissolved in DMSO.
A further set of plates were treated with LPS (2 µg/ml) or with IL-1β (10 ng/ml) alone or in combination with curcumin at the same doses reported above and with β-caryophyllene (BCP, purity ≥90%) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) at doses of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 µg/ml dissolved in DMSO (10 mg/ml).BCP purity was ≥90%. Since curcumin has a half-life of about 3 h, cells underwent biochemical evaluation 4 h after the treatments.
3
Cannabinoid and Terpene Bioactivity Analysis
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CA, bovine serum albumin, 2-AG, and AEA were from Sigma-Aldrich (Castle Hill, NSW, Australia). PAR-1 peptide agonist was from AusPep (Tullamarine, VIC, Australia). Δ9 (link)-THC was purchased from THC Pharm GmbH (Frankfurt, Germany). Terpenoids were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; (+)-α-pinene, (+)-β-pinene, (−)-β-caryophyllene (BCP), (±)-linalool, (R)-(+)-limonene, β-myrcene, and α-humulene. The purity of terpenoids as stated by the supplier was as follows: 98.5% ((+)-α-pinene, (+)-β-pinene), 98% ((−)-BCP), 97% ((±)-linalool, (R)-(+)-limonene), 93% (β-myrcene), and 96% (α -humulene). All tissue culture reagents were from Sigma-Aldrich, Life Technologies (Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia) or InvivoGen (San Diego, CA).
4
Cadmium-Induced Neuronal Toxicity Model
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SH-SY5Y neuroblast-like cells were plated in a 6-well plate at a density of 1 × 105 cells/well and incubated at 37 °C with a percentage of 5% CO2 overnight. The day after, cells were differentiated in neuron-like cells. In particular, 10 µM of retinoic acid (RA) was added to each well for five days and the medium was changed every two days. At day 6, RA was removed, cells were washed three times with sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and brain-derived neurotrofic factor (BDNF; 50 ng/mL) was added for additional five days in order to improve RA effects on neuronal differentiation.
Undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells and neuron cells were cultured in 6-well plates at a density of 2.5 × 105 cells/well; 24 h after seeding, cells were pre-treated with β-caryophyllene (BCP) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at the concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 μM for 24 h. The day after, the medium was replaced and the cells were stimulated with 10 μM of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for additional 24 h in order to reproduce an in vitro model of Cd-induced neuronal toxicity, as previously reported [45 (link)]. All treatments were performed in starvation conditions because essential elements of medium, such as zinc and calcium, could compromise Cd effects. At the end of the incubation period, cells were collected for molecular and morphological analyses.
Undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells and neuron cells were cultured in 6-well plates at a density of 2.5 × 105 cells/well; 24 h after seeding, cells were pre-treated with β-caryophyllene (BCP) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at the concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 μM for 24 h. The day after, the medium was replaced and the cells were stimulated with 10 μM of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for additional 24 h in order to reproduce an in vitro model of Cd-induced neuronal toxicity, as previously reported [45 (link)]. All treatments were performed in starvation conditions because essential elements of medium, such as zinc and calcium, could compromise Cd effects. At the end of the incubation period, cells were collected for molecular and morphological analyses.
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