Amorphous silica nanoparticles (50 nm diameter without surface modification; 50 nm-plain with amine surface modification; 50 nm-NH2) and microparticles (3 μm diameter; 3 μm-plain) used in this study were purchased from Micromod Partikeltechnologie GmbH (Rostock, Germany). In some experiments, we used nanoparticles labeled with FITC for their localization. All the products contained no detectable endotoxin as assessed by a ToxinSensor Endotoxin Assay kit (GenScript, Piscataway, USA). Prior to in vitro and in vivo studies, the particles were vortexed for 60 s.
Monoclonal rat anti-CD68 antibody (Clone FA-11) was purchased from Bio-rad (Hercules, CA, USA). Anti-F4/80 antibody (CI: A3–1) was from (Caltag Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). Anti-Ly-6G-antibody (Clone REA526) was from Miltenyi Biotec( Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). Hoechst33342 was from Dojindo (Kumamoto, Japan). L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (hydrochloride) was from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) was from Wako Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). Diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) was from Cayman Chemical. gp91ds-tat was from Anaspec (Fremont, CA, USA).
Monoclonal rat anti-CD68 antibody (Clone FA-11) was purchased from Bio-rad (Hercules, CA, USA). Anti-F4/80 antibody (CI: A3–1) was from (Caltag Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). Anti-Ly-6G-antibody (Clone REA526) was from Miltenyi Biotec