D glucose powder

Silicon dioxide wafers were bought from i-Nexus, Inc. (Seongnam, Republic of Korea). Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was prepared using the commercial sylgard 184 elastomer and its curing agents from Dow Corning (Midland, MI, USA). Microscope cover-glass was purchased from Marienfeld (Lauda-Königshofen, Germany). Trypsin-EDTA solution (0.25%, Cat. No. 25200-072) was bought from Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). Cell culture medium was prepared using Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Cat. No. 11995-065, Gibco) supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS, Cat. No. 16000-044, Gibco) and penicillin-streptomycin (Cat. No. 15140-122, Gibco). Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD, Cat. No. C4555-1G) powder was bought from Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). DEP buffer solution was prepared using deionized water (water purification system, Sartorius AG, Gottingen, Germany) supplemented with sucrose powder (8.6% w/w; Cat. No. SB0498, Bio Basic Inc., Markham, ON, Canada), D-Glucose powder (0.3% w/w; Cat. No. GB0219, Bio Basic Inc.), bovine serum albumin powder (BSA; 1.0 mg/mL, Bovogen Biologicals, Essendon, VIC, Australia), and phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS; 0.2% v/v, Cat. No. 20012-027, Gibco).

We used silicon dioxide wafers (i-Nexus, Inc., Seongnam, Republic of Korea) as the cell chip substrate and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which consists of commercial Sylgard 184 Elastomer and its curing agents (Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA), as the microfluidic chamber material. The microscope coverslip was purchased from SPL Life Sciences (Pocheon, Republic of Korea). For cell culture material, we used Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Cat. No. 11995-065, Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), fetal bovine serum (FBS, Cat. No. 16000-044, Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), penicillin-streptomycin (PS, Cat. No. 15140-122, Gibco), and Trypsin-EDTA solution (0.25%, Cat. No. 25200-072). The MβCD (Cat. No. C4555-1G) powder was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). The dielectrophoretic (DEP) solution consisted of sucrose powder (8.6% w/w; Cat. No. SB0498, Bio Basic Inc., Markham, ON, Canada), D-glucose powder (0.3% w/w; Cat. No. GB0219, Bio Basic Inc.), and bovine serum albumin powder (BSA; 1.0 mg/mL, Bovogen Biologicals, Essendon, VIC, Australia) in deionized water (water purification system, Sartorius AG, Gottingen, Germany). Phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS; 0.2% v/v, Cat. No. 20012-027, Gibco) was used to adjust the conductivity of the DEP solution to 60 μS/cm.