Irigenin

Chlorogenic acid, neoChlorogenic acid, cryptoChlorogenic acid, arctiin, arctigenin, tectoridin, tectorigenin, iridin, irisflorentin, irigenin, matrine, oxymatrine, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, and galuteolin were obtained from the Shanghai YuanYe Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) for use as references. Glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid were purchased from China’s National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China). The purity of the reference compounds was >98% based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. SJLYKL was prepared by the Shanghai Liantang pharmacy (Shanghai, China). Deionized water was purified using a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Ammonium acetate (HPLC grade; purity ≥98.0%) and acetic acid (HPLC grade; purity ≥99.7%) were provided by ANPEL Laboratory Technologies (Shanghai, China). Chromatographic grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Tectorigenin and irigenin were supplied by Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). UDPGA, silibinin, 1-naphtol, fluconazole, trifluoperazine, and β-glycosidase were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Alamethicin and d-glucaric acid 1,4-lactone monohydrate were purchased from Meilunbio (Shanghai, China). Pooled HLMs (mixed gender, protein concentration: 15 mg/mL) were purchased from the Research Institute for Liver Diseases (Shanghai, China). Nine recombinant human UGT enzymes (UGT1A1/1A3/1A4/1A6/1A9/2B4/2B7/2B15/2B17) were obtained from BD Biosciences (Woburn, MA, USA). HLMs and recombinant UGTs were stored in a freezer (−80 °C) until use. All other reagents were supplied by the Sinopharm Group (Shanghai, China).