Bafilomycin a1

Bafilomycin A1 was purchased from LC Laboratories (Woburn, MA). Other drugs, from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), included the fluorescent agents quinacrine dihydrochloride and doxorubicin hydrochloride. Other significant drugs from the same source were the macroautophagy inhibitor spautin-1 (Liu et al., 2011 (link); Shao et al., 2014 (link)), the H⁺ ionophore monensin (Gil et al., 2012 (link)), the inhibitor of OCT-1 to -3, decynium-22 (Hayer-Zillgen, Brüss & Bönisch, 2002 (link)), elacridar (GF120918, a high potency P glycoprotein inhibitor; Rautio et al., 2006 (link)) and promiscuous transporter inhibitors (gemfibrozil, verapamil, β-estradiol, cetirizine).

Polyclonal antibody against LC3B and phosphorylated antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Polyclonal antibody against PKCε and monoclonal antibody against p62 were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Monoclonal antibody against PARP was obtained from BD Pharmingen (San Diego, CA, USA). Monoclonal antibodies against actin and tubulin, and chloroquine diphosphate salt were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Bafilomycin A1 and rapamycin were obtained from LC Laboratories (Woburn, MA, USA). Human recombinant TNFα was purchased from R&D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Horseradish-peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit and goat anti-mouse secondary antibodies were purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc. (West Grove, PA, USA). Polyvinylidene difluoride transfer membrane was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) and the enhanced chemiluminescence detection kit was from Perkin-Elmer (Shelton, CT, USA). Protease inhibitor and phosphatase inhibitor cocktails were purchased from Calbiochem/EMD-Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA). Control non-targeting and target-specific siGENOME SMARTpool siRNAs were obtained from Dharmacon (Lafayette, CO, USA). Lipofectamine RNAiMax transfection reagent was obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA).