Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem)

Hep3B and SMMC7721 HCC cells, L-02 hepatocytes, HepG2 hepatoblastoma cells, HCT115 p53^−/− colon cancer cells and HEK293T embryonic kidney cells were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Zhejiang Tianhang Biotechnology, Hangzhou, China). For transient plasmids or siRNA transfection, TurboFect transfection reagent was used following the manufacturer’s protocol (R0532, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA).

Tetrabutyl titanate were obtained from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). (3‐Aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS) was purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China). Titanium butoxide (GC, 99.0%), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), heptanoic acid (AR, 98.0%), ethanol, N‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐N‐ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), doxorubicin (DOX) and N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Cantharidin (CTD) was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). NHS‐PEG₂₀₀₀‐COOH was purchased from Ponsure Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). The BCA Kit and 4′,6‐Diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) were obtained from Solarbio (Beijing, China). Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) and DCFH‐DA were purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), RPMI 1640, DMEM, trypsin‐EDTA and penicillin‐streptomycin were obtained from Zhejiang Tianhang Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Zhejiang, China). The YSA peptide (YSAYPDSVPMMSK) was obtained from GL Biochem Peptide Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). The calcein‐AM/PI double staining kit was obtained from Yeasen (Shanghai, China). Annexin V‐FITC/PI apoptosis double staining kit was obtained from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). The abbreviations are summarized in Table 1.