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Det10a

Manufactured by Thorlabs

The DET10A is an InGaAs photodetector manufactured by Thorlabs. It is designed to detect near-infrared light at wavelengths from 900 to 1700 nanometers. The DET10A provides a linear response to incident optical power and has a specified detectivity of 1.0 x 10^12 cm·Hz^(1/2)/W.

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7 protocols using det10a

1

Automated Laser Power Normalization

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The beam is sampled before variable focusing using a 10:90 beamsplitter (BSR) (BS025, Thorlabs). The sampled beam is focused using a 75 mm lens (AC254-075-B-ML, Thorlabs) onto a Si photodiode (PDR) (DET10A, Thorlabs) terminated with a 56 kΩ resistor. This photodiode is used as a power reference to normalize the signal. Two additional 10:90 beamsplitters (BS1, BS2) sample the beam after focal modulation at extrema of the ETL focal range, producing peak photodiode signals at focal length minima (PD1) and maxima (PD2). Because the two measurement photodiode signals peak out-of-phase with respect to focal shift, their difference produces a monotonic response curve with respect to ETL focal power as reported previously in (46 (link))(46 (link)). Details of the ETL focal length calibration can be found in Supplementary Information section 1.2.
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2

Photoacoustic Imaging Setup with Tunable Laser

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As shown in Fig. 3a, the input square-wave pulse with tunable pulse width was generated by a function generator (33250A, Agilent), which was connected to a custom-designed current driver (maximum current: 5A). The output of the driver was then fed to a laser diode (L808P1000MM, Thorlabs, wavelength: 808 nm, power: 1W) with fiber coupling. The output light from the fiber (MHP550L02, Thorlabs) was then collimated and weakly focused by condenser lens (LB1471, Thorlabs) on the sample with spot size of ~500 µm. Meanwhile, a beam splitter (BSF10-B, Thorlabs) and photodiode (DET10A, Thorlabs) were utilized to monitor the laser intensity variation. An ultrasound transducer (V303-SU, Olympus) with 1 MHz central frequency was placed close to the sample. Both of the transducer and sample were immersed in water for optimum optical and acoustic coupling. The dual PA signals were firstly amplified by a low-noise amplifier (5662, Olympus), then recorded by an oscilloscope (WaveRunner 640Zi, LeCroy) with 100 MSPS sampling rate.
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3

Dual-Frequency IVPA/US Imaging System

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The schematic of our dual-frequency IVPA/US imaging system is depicted in Figure 1. Nanosecond optical pulses at 1725 nm from an optical parametric oscillator light source with repetition rate of 500 Hz was employed for photoacoustic excitation [12c]. The laser pulses were coupled to the imaging catheter through an optical fiber and a self-built fiber-optic rotary joint. Co-registered photoacoustic and ultrasound images were obtained separately at the tip of a dual-frequency catheter through a motorized helical scanning of the catheter. The optical pulse energy output from the catheter tip is kept at 100 μJ, or ~0.3 J/cm2, which is much less than the ANSI laser safety standard of 1.0 J/cm2 at this wavelength. A dual-channel slip ring (JINPAT Electronics, China) was used to transmit the electric signal to/from the transducers. A pulser/receiver (5073PR, Olympus, Inc.) together with a delay generator (9512, Quantum Composers, Inc.) was used to send/detect ultrasound signals. The trigger of the laser pulse was obtained via a fast photodetector (DET10A, Thorlabs, Inc.) and used as a reference for ultrasound emission and data acquisition. Real-time data acquisition and image processing were implemented through a high-speed DAQ card (ATS9462 PCI express digitizer, 180 MS/s, 16 bit, AlazerTech, Canada) and a self-programmed LabVIEW (National Instruments Corp.) interface.
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4

Pulsed Light Photoacoustic Imaging

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Pulsed light with multiple wavelengths was provided by an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) system (VersaScan L-532, GWU-Lasertechnik, Erftstadt, Germany) pumped by a Nd:YAG laser (pulse width 6 ns, repetition rate 10 Hz, Quanta-Ray, INDI-40-10, Spectra-Physics, Santa Clara, CA). The signal and the idler from the OPO provided two wavelength ranges: 700-900 nm and 1100-2200 nm respectively. In this study, only the signal output was used (Figure 1a). The OPO output was coupled into an optical fiber with a 910 µm core diameter (FG910LEC, Thorlabs, Newton, NJ). A small portion of this output (4%) was deflected to a photodetector (DET10A, Thorlabs, Newton, NJ) to compensate for pulse-to-pulse energy fluctuations and to provide optical triggering. A maximum pulse energy of 6 mJ was used in this study was delivered from the distal end of the fiber (flat-cleaved at normal incidence). Control of PA image acquisition was realized using a logic AND gate with two inputs: the optical trigger and a digital control window provided by a LabView control program via a digital I/O card (NI-USB-6501, National Instruments, Berkshire, UK). PA image reconstruction was performed in real-time using a custom delay-and-sum beam-forming algorithm; offline, a more accurate Fourier-domain reconstruction algorithm [7 (link)] was used.
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5

Characterization of Spin-Selective Optoelectronic Devices

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The electrical properties of the fabricated devices were characterized under dark and light‐illuminated conditions using Keithley 4200 and Agilent 4155B semiconductor characterization system (SCS) parameter analyzers. Laser diodes emitting light with a wavelength of 520 nm (L520P50, Thorlabs) were used to illuminate the devices. CP light was obtained by combining a linear polarizer (10GT04, Newport) with a quarter‐wave plate (SAQWP05M‐700, Thorlabs). The on/off modulation of incident CP light was controlled by a mechanical optical shutter (SH1, Thorlabs). Before the characterization, the intensities of the RCP and LCP light (Pin) were measured using a standard Si‐based photodetector (DET10A, Thorlabs).
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6

Ultrafast Optical Interferometry Measurements

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A fast photodiode (1 ns rise time, Thorlabs, DET10A) and a 2.5 GS/s oscilloscope (DPO 3054) measured the central fringe intensity. For a precise measurements of probe positions, linear motorized translation stage (Thorlab MTS50-Z8) having travel range 50 mm and minimum increment 0.05μm was used. The whole experimental setup was assembled on a Thorlab optical table floating in air and covered with an enclosure to minimize stray noise. The ambient temperature was measured to be 20±1C with relative humidity 55±5% .
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7

Multispectral Photoacoustic Imaging Setup

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Illumination was provided by a tunable Nd:YAG laser system (Phocus™, Opotek Inc., Carlsbad, California, 680 to 950 nm, 10-Hz pulse repetition rate, 5-ns pulse width) coupled to a high-power eight-legged fused-end fiber bundle (Excelitas Canada Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, NA 0.37). Pulse-to-pulse light intensity variation was accounted for using a silicon photodiode (DET10A, Thorlabs Inc., Newton, Massachusetts) placed behind one of the mirrors in the light path. The eight output legs were spread out around the frame of the array [Fig. 1(a)] and oriented toward the center of the array at a distance such that the beam width approximately matched the aperture of the acoustic detectors. Unless otherwise stated, all imaging presented herein was performed with 690-nm laser light. To synchronize the system, the external trigger of the laser Q-switch was used to trigger the data acquisition systems and the 6-axis robot.
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