The polyamide 6 used in this work was Ultramid B27E, a low-viscosity extrusion grade polymer supplied by BASF (Germany), referred to as PA6. PA6 is characterized by a density of 1.12 g cm−3, a melting point of 220 °C and the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of B27E is 65 200 g mol−1.27 (link) Ingeo Biopolymer 3251D, an injection-grade PLA from NatureWorks (USA), was used as the PLA phase. PLA is characterized by a density of 1.25 g cm−3, a melting point of 170 °C and the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 3251D is 55 400 g mol−1.28 PP 1120H supplied by Pinnacle Polymers (USA) was used as the PP phase. PP is characterized by a density of 0.9 g cm−3, a melting point of 164 °C and the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of PP1120H is 170 000 g mol−1.29 (link) Fusabond P353 from DuPont (USA) was selected as the maleated polypropylene compatibilizing agent. The maleation grade of this compatibilizer has been determined to be in the range of 1.4 to 1.9%.4,30 (link)
Ingeo biopolymer 3251d
Manufactured by NatureWorks
Sourced in United States
Ingeo™ Biopolymer 3251D is a polylactic acid (PLA) material produced by NatureWorks. It is a thermoplastic, biodegradable polymer derived from renewable resources. The core function of Ingeo™ Biopolymer 3251D is to serve as a raw material for the manufacturing of various products.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Fusabond p353, by DuPont (2 mentions)
Ultramid b27e, by BASF (2 mentions)
Atelocollagen sponge, by Cosmo Bio (1 mentions)
Poly vinyl sulfate, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Methylglycol chitosan mgch, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Sulfuric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydrogen peroxide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
X pert mpd x ray diffractometer, by Philips (1 mentions)
8 protocols using ingeo biopolymer 3251d
1
Polymer Blends Characterization and Properties
2
Biopolymer Purification and Characterization
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Poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) Ingeo Biopolymer 3251D from NatureWorks (Mw = 90 kg × mol−1, Mn/Mw = 1.6) was purified by crystallization at room temperature starting from an ethyl acetate solution (5 wt %) at 70 °C.
Medical grade poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) PURASORB® PDL 02A (ηinh = 0.16–0.24 dL × g−1 in chloroform at 25 °C, c = 1 g × dL−1) was kindly supplied by Corbion and used as received.
Collagen (Atelocollagen sponge) was purchased from Cosmo Bio Co. (Tokyo, Japan).
All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received.
Medical grade poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) PURASORB® PDL 02A (ηinh = 0.16–0.24 dL × g−1 in chloroform at 25 °C, c = 1 g × dL−1) was kindly supplied by Corbion and used as received.
Collagen (Atelocollagen sponge) was purchased from Cosmo Bio Co. (Tokyo, Japan).
All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received.
3
Biobased Composite Materials from Ingeo and Hemp
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The commercial PLA referred to in this article is Ingeo ™ Biopolymer 3251D by NatureWorks (Plymouth, MN, USA). Its density is 1.24 g cm−3, its melting point is approximately 160–170 °C, and its melt flow rate (190 °C, 2.16 kg) is 35 g/10 min.
Hemp strands were kindly provided by Agrofibra S.L. (Puigreig, Catalonia, Spain). A soda-bleached pulp from hemp (elemental chlorine and total chlorine free), ISO brightness 89.5%, was provided by Celesa (Tortosa, Catalonia, Spain). Before blending, dry pulp boards were fractionated by passing through a paper shredder.
All the reagents employed to characterize SBHFs and untreated hemp strands (UHSs) were purchased from Scharlab S.L. (Sentmenat, Catalonia, Spain) and used as-is. Poly(vinyl sulfate) and methylglycol chitosan (MGCh) were acquired from Wako Chemicals, GmbH (Neuss, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany).
Hemp strands were kindly provided by Agrofibra S.L. (Puigreig, Catalonia, Spain). A soda-bleached pulp from hemp (elemental chlorine and total chlorine free), ISO brightness 89.5%, was provided by Celesa (Tortosa, Catalonia, Spain). Before blending, dry pulp boards were fractionated by passing through a paper shredder.
All the reagents employed to characterize SBHFs and untreated hemp strands (UHSs) were purchased from Scharlab S.L. (Sentmenat, Catalonia, Spain) and used as-is. Poly(vinyl sulfate) and methylglycol chitosan (MGCh) were acquired from Wako Chemicals, GmbH (Neuss, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany).
4
Nylon 6/PLA/PP Polymer Blend Protocol
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The Nylon 6 used in this
work was Ultramid B27E, a low-viscosity extrusion grade polymer supplied
by BASF (Germany), referred to as PA6. Ingeo Biopolymer 3251D, an
injection-grade PLA from NatureWorks (USA), was used as the PLA phase.
PP 1120H supplied by Pinnacle Polymers (USA) was used as the PP phase.
Fusabond P353 from DuPont (USA) was selected as the maleated PP compatibilizing
agent. The maleation grade of this compatibilizer has been determined
to be in the range of 1.4–1.9%.1 (link),28 (link) The materials
are further detailed in theSupporting Information (Table S2).
work was Ultramid B27E, a low-viscosity extrusion grade polymer supplied
by BASF (Germany), referred to as PA6. Ingeo Biopolymer 3251D, an
injection-grade PLA from NatureWorks (USA), was used as the PLA phase.
PP 1120H supplied by Pinnacle Polymers (USA) was used as the PP phase.
Fusabond P353 from DuPont (USA) was selected as the maleated PP compatibilizing
agent. The maleation grade of this compatibilizer has been determined
to be in the range of 1.4–1.9%.1 (link),28 (link) The materials
are further detailed in the
5
PLA Coating of AISI 316L Stainless Steel
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The experiments used AISI 316L stainless steel tubes (AISI 316L SS) with a 3.175 mm outer diameter and a 0.254 mm wall thickness (McMaster-Carr, Robbinsville, NJ, USA). For coating, PLA in pellet form (Ingeo™ Biopolymer 3251D) was supplied by Nature Works (Plymouth, MN, USA). Chloroform (Chloroform RA, CHCl3 67-66-3) was purchased from CTR Scientific (Monterrey, NL, Mexico) and was used to prepare PLA solutions of different concentrations.
6
Plasticizing PLA with Epoxidized Brazil Nut Oil
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The PLA used in this study to improve its properties by plasticizing with epoxidized Brazil nut oil was commercial-grade Ingeo™ Biopolymer 3251D supplied by NatureWorks LLC (Minnetonka, MN, USA) in pellet form, with a density of 1240 kg·m−3 (ASTM D792) and a melt flow index of 80 g·10 min−1 when measured at 210 °C according to the ASTM D1238. This semi-crystalline PLA grade contains 1.4 wt% D-lactide. Its thermal transition temperature (Tg) is between 55 and 60 °C, and its melting temperature (Tm) is about 155–170 °C according to the ASTM D3418.
The Brazil nuts used in this work were supplied by FrutoSeco (Alicante, Spain). Brazil nut oil (BNO) was obtained by the cold mechanical extraction method using a pressing machine, model DL-ZYJ05, purchased from Nanchang Dulong Industrial Company (Weifang, China). The BNO obtained has a density of 916 kg·m−3 and an iodine value (IV) of 163.8 g I2·(100 g)−1, according to the ISO 1675 and ISO 3962, respectively. The epoxidation process of the BNO was carried out in situ with hydrogen peroxide (30% v/v), acetic acid (99.7), and sulfuric acid (97%) provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain).
The Brazil nuts used in this work were supplied by FrutoSeco (Alicante, Spain). Brazil nut oil (BNO) was obtained by the cold mechanical extraction method using a pressing machine, model DL-ZYJ05, purchased from Nanchang Dulong Industrial Company (Weifang, China). The BNO obtained has a density of 916 kg·m−3 and an iodine value (IV) of 163.8 g I2·(100 g)−1, according to the ISO 1675 and ISO 3962, respectively. The epoxidation process of the BNO was carried out in situ with hydrogen peroxide (30% v/v), acetic acid (99.7), and sulfuric acid (97%) provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain).
7
Characterization of Hemp Fiber Biocomposites
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The PLA matrix of the biocomposites described here was Ingeo™ Biopolymer 3251D from NatureWorks (Plymouth, MN, USA). Agrofibra S.L. (Puigreig, Spain) kindly provided untreated hemp strands (UHSs). Total chlorine-free bleached soda pulp from hemp strands, with an ISO brightness value of 89.5%, was supplied by Celesa (Tortosa, Spain).
Basic chemical characterizations of both UHSs and SBHFs were carried out according to TAPPI standards for lignocellulosic materials (T 204, T 211, T 249, T 429, T 222, UM 250) [23 ]. Additionally, their crystallinity index was estimated by applying Segal’s method [24 (link)] on X-ray diffraction patterns attained by means of an X’Pert MPD X-ray diffractometer from Philips (Philips Ibérica, Valencia, Spain) with auto-divergent slits and Cu-Kα radiation (45 kV, 40 mA).
Basic chemical characterizations of both UHSs and SBHFs were carried out according to TAPPI standards for lignocellulosic materials (T 204, T 211, T 249, T 429, T 222, UM 250) [23 ]. Additionally, their crystallinity index was estimated by applying Segal’s method [24 (link)] on X-ray diffraction patterns attained by means of an X’Pert MPD X-ray diffractometer from Philips (Philips Ibérica, Valencia, Spain) with auto-divergent slits and Cu-Kα radiation (45 kV, 40 mA).
8
Biopolymer-Based Composite with Almond Husk and MLO
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The PLA used in this work was Ingeo™ Biopolymer 3251D, supplied by NatureWorks (Minnetonka, USA). According to the manufacturer, this is an injection molding-grade resin made primarily from dextrose that is derived from field corn grown for industrial and functional end-uses.
The biopolymer has a M W of 5.5 x 10 4 g/mol, with a polydispersity index (PI) of 1.62, a melt flow rate (MFR) of 30-40 g/10 min (190°C, 2.16 kg), and a density of 1.24 g/cm³. Almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) was collected in the Sierra Mariola region and its husk was provided by Jesol Materias Primas S.A. (Valencia, Spain) as an industrial byproduct after seed extraction. MLO was obtained from Vandeputte (Mouscron, Belgium) as VEOMER LIN. This agent has a viscosity of 1,000 cP (20°C) and an acid value of 105-130 mg potassium hydroxide (KOH)/g.
The biopolymer has a M W of 5.5 x 10 4 g/mol, with a polydispersity index (PI) of 1.62, a melt flow rate (MFR) of 30-40 g/10 min (190°C, 2.16 kg), and a density of 1.24 g/cm³. Almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) was collected in the Sierra Mariola region and its husk was provided by Jesol Materias Primas S.A. (Valencia, Spain) as an industrial byproduct after seed extraction. MLO was obtained from Vandeputte (Mouscron, Belgium) as VEOMER LIN. This agent has a viscosity of 1,000 cP (20°C) and an acid value of 105-130 mg potassium hydroxide (KOH)/g.
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