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29 protocols using pentadecane

1

Synthesis and Characterization of Catalysts

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All
chemicals were used
directly as provided commercially without additional purification.
Milli Q water was obtained using an IQ 7000 purifying system. P25
TiO2, HAuCl4·3H2O, PdCl2, acetone (99.9%, CH3COCH3), sodium
hydroxide (reagent grade, 97%, powder, NaOH), 1-phenylethanol (97%),
hexanoic acid (99%), pentane (99%), lauric acid (97%), palmitic acid
(99%), stearic acid (98%), oleic acid (97%), undecane (99%), pentadecane
(99%), heptadecane (99%), p-xylene (99.5%, as internal
GC standard), different solvents including dodecane (99%), PhMe (99%),
THF (99%), DMF (99%) and dichloroethane (99%) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. Jatropha oil was purchased from the Shenyu company
in Yunnan Province, China. Wasted cooking oil and wasted hot-pot oil
were collected from Sichuan Province, China.
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2

Separation and Quantification of Volatile Organic Compounds

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HayeSep â (80-100 mesh) was purchased from Supelco. Hexane for the HPLC (≥97% and redistilled), nonane, decane, undecane, tridecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, a-pinene (98%), benzothiazole (96%), b-pinene (99%), myrcene (90%), (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (98%), ocimene [a mix of isomers (E) 70% and (Z) 30%], benzaldehyde (99%), indole (98.5%) and a-copaene (90%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Linalool, a-humulene (96%) and limonene (97%) were purchased from TCI-America (Portland, USA). Geranylacetone (a mixture of isomers) (96%) and (E)-b-farnesene were purchased from TCI (Tokyo, Japan). (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7 nonatriene (DMNT) and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-trideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene (TMTT) were kindly provided by Dr. Michael A. Birkett from Rothamsted Research (UK).
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3

Volatile Profiling of Spirulina Products

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The analyzed samples (17 in total) included sixteen commercial spirulina products from various producers and geographical origins, collected from stores in Athens, Greece and one raw biomass sample (Table 1, sample S2), obtained from a local Greek producer. Analytical standards of 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one (β-ionone), pentan-1-ol, hexanal, hexan-1-ol, heptan-2-one, benzaldehyde, butan-1-ol, 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (eucalyptol), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, butan-2-one, naphthalene, 1-isopropyl-4-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene (γ-terpinene), heptan-1-ol, oct-1-en-3-ol, 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde (β-cyclocitral), octan-1-ol, tetradecane, 4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl)but-3-en-2-one (α-ionone), pentadecane, pent-1-en-3-one, hexadecane, and heptadecane, were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). A standard mixture of these twenty-two compounds was prepared at a concentration of 10 μg/L in ultrapure water. A standard mixture of alkanes (C7–C30) from Supelco; Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany) was used for retention index calibration. Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ) was obtained from a Purelab Ultra system (Elga - LabWater, High Wycombe, UK).
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4

Acetoin and Plant Root Development

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1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and yucasin were dissolved in DMSO to make a 50 mM stock solution. For treatment, the required amount of the stock solutions was added into MS salts agar and mixed in uniform before being poured into Petri dishes. Acetoin ([?] 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in DDW to make a 250 mM stock solution and was supplied at different doses (0, 10, 30, 100, 300 and 1000 μM) to the plant growth medium. Petri dishes containing 5 plants under different treatments were placed in growth chamber for 8 d to estimate root development. For investigating the effects of Acetoin on CYCB1 expression pattern, prebranch sites formation and LRPs development stage, 3-day-old seedlings were grown with 30 μM Acetoin for 6 d.
To test the effects of other VCs from SQR9 on root development, the pure compounds (dodecane, tetradecane, 2-dodecanone, 2-nonanone, pentadecane, 2-undecanone, 2-heptanone) were purchased from Sigma. Arabidopsisseedlings were exposed to a filter paper added with 0, 1, 10 and 100 μl pure compound in a bi-compartmented Petri dish for 8 d to estimate root development.
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5

Metabolomic Sample Preparation Protocol

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Methanol (MeOH; LC-MS grade) was obtained from CHEM-LAB NV (Zedelgem, Belgium). Methoxyamine hydrochloride (ΜeOX), N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) and pyridine anhydrous were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck Darmstadt, Germany). Urease derived from Canavalia ensiformis (Jack bean) (15,000–50,000 units/g), Myristic acid-d7 and pentadecane were also obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck Darmstadt, Germany).
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6

Alkane Compounds Acquisition and Characterization

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Heptane (99%), nonane (99%), undecane (≥99%), dodecane (99%), tridecane (≥99%), tetradecane (≥99%), pentadecane (≥99%), hexadecane, heptadecane (99%), octadecane (99%), nonadecane (99%), eicosane (99%), heneicosane (≥99.5%), docosane (99%), tricosane (99%), tetracosane (99%), pentacosane (99%), hexacosane (99%), octacosane (99%), and triacontane (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Octane (98%) and decane (≥99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetone and hexane were of HPLC grade and purchased from Elite Advanced Materials Sdn. Bhd. (Selangor, Malaysia). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ cm−1) was purified by a Millipore Milli-Q system (Bedford, MA, USA).
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7

GC-MS Analysis of n-Alkanes

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A GC-MS 7890B gas chromatograph equipped with a 5977B MSD mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), with an Agilent HP-5MS column (30 m, 0.25 µm, 0.25 μm film thickness) was used in the experiments. The carrier gas used was helium at 99.999% (BOC, Sydney, Australia). The conditions for the GC-MS were as follows: injector port temperature of 270 °C; initial oven temperature of 60 °C, which increased to 320 °C (at 5 °C/min); MS Quad at 150 °C; MS source at 230 °C; pressure at 10.629 psi. The flow rate was 1.2 mL/min; the splitless was 30 mL/min at 1.0 min. The total run time was 45.40 min.
Standard n-alkane (C7-C30) reference material containing 1000 μg/mL of each component (decane, docosane, dodecane, eicosane, heneicosane, heptacosane, heptadecane, hexacosane, hexadecane, heptane, nonacosane, nonadecane, nonane, octacosane, octadecane, octane, pentacosane, pentadecane, tetracosane, tetradecane, triacontane, tricosane, tridecane and undecane) in hexane was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (catalogue number 49451-U; Castle Hill, NSW, Australia), as was n-hexane (95%, catalogue number 270504-2L).
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8

Authentic standards for O. smaragdina analysis

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Authentic standards of 1-hexanol, decane, p-cymene, D-limonene, γ-terpinene, 1-octanol, dihydromyrcenol, undecane, nonanal, dodecane, tridecane, 1-tetradecene, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, heptadecane (all known components of emissions produced by O. smaragdina) 20 and hexane were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals were of analytical grade (≥98% purity) and were used without further puri cation.
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9

Identification and Quantification of Terpenes

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The chemical standards used, namely ocimene (94%); limonene (96%) and α-humulene (96%); myristicin and aromadendrene (97%); α-pinene and β-pinene (98%); linalool, 1,8-cineole, β-caryophyllene, eugenol, pentadecane, heptadecane and tetradecanol (99.0%) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA).
Dillapiole, asaricin, and safrole, all with a purity higher than 99.7%, were obtained via fractional distillation, as described in Section 4.2.
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10

Authentic Chemical Standards Protocol

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Authentic chemical standards of 16-hexadecanolide (97%), benzaldehyde (99%), 3-octanone (98%), 3-octanol (99%), limonene (97%), decanal (98%), undecanal (97%), undecane (99%), dodecane (99%), tridecane (99%), tetradecane (99%), pentadecane (98%), hexadecane (98.5%), heptadecane (98.5%), β-caryophyllene (98%), β-cedrene (95%), geranylacetone (97%), and the solvent n-hexane (97% redistilled) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. (E)-2-Octen-1-ol (98%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. 1-Octen-3-ol, octanal, nonanal, 2-ethylhexan-1-ol, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethanol, and β-bisabolene were donated by Dr. Jeffrey Aldrich (Agricultural Research Service – USDA). β-Sesquiphellandrene was purified from ginger oil and α-himachalene was purified from Cedrus atlantica oil.
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