Blank Pallflex TX40 FDMS filters were supplied by Air Monitors (Gloucestershire, UK). These are made of borosilicate microfibres reinforced with woven glass cloth and bonded with polytetrafluoroethylene (5 mg cm−2, 47 mm diameter). The pH of solutions was measured by using a Mettler-Teledo (SevenGo™) pH meter. Suspensions were shaken in an end-over-end rotator inside an incubator (Stuart® SI500 shaking incubator from Barloworld Scientific Ltd., Staffordshire, UK). All glassware and plastic ware were soaked overnight in 10% HNO3 then rinsed three times with deionised water before use. All chemicals were of analytical grade. Bovine serum albumin, NaH2PO4, KCl, pancreatin (porcine), urea, CaCl2·2H2O and pepsin (porcine) were purchased form Merck (Poole, UK). Glucose, NaCl, Na2SO4, NH4Cl, NaHCO3 and NaOH were supplied by VWR International (Lutterworth, UK). Lysozyme, glutathione, MgCl2·6H2O, glucuronic acid, glucosamine hydrochloride, mucin (porcine), DPPC, hydrochloric acid (HCl) (36.5–38%) and nitric acid (HNO3) (≥69% Trace SELECT® for trace analysis) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Gillingham, Dorset, UK). Glycine was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Multi-element standard stock solution (10 mg L−1 of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and Fe standard stock solution (1003 mg L−1) were obtained from Qmx Laboratories (Essex, UK).
Na2so4
Manufactured by Avantor
Sourced in Germany, Poland
Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) is an inorganic chemical compound that is commonly used as a desiccant, filler, and component in various industrial and laboratory applications. It is a white, crystalline powder that is soluble in water.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Avantor (4 mentions)
Nahco3, by Avantor (3 mentions)
Acetone, by Avantor (3 mentions)
Formic acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Avantor (2 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cacl2 2h2o, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tetrahydrofuran, by Avantor (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Avantor (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Avantor (2 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Avantor (2 mentions)
Pierce bca protein assay kit, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Isopropanol, by Avantor (2 mentions)
Chloroform, by Avantor (2 mentions)
Glucosamine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Glucuronic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
15 protocols using na2so4
1
Preparation and Characterization of Simulated Lung Fluids
2
Spray-Coating Suspension for Electrochemical Measurements
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For
the preparation of the spray-coating
suspension, Aeroxide P25 TiO2 (Evonik) was dispersed in
absolute ethanol (VWR, 100%). The FTO (fluoride doped tin oxide, Sigma-Aldrich,
∼7 Ω cm–2) covered glass substrates
were cleaned with acetone (VWR, 100%), 2-propanol (VWR, 100%), and
deionized (DI) water prior to use. For the nonaqueous electrochemical
measurements, lithium perchlorate (LiClO4, Acros Organics,
99+%) or tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (Bu4NClO4, Fluka, >98%) was used in acetonitrile (ACN, VWR, 100%) with
methanol
(VWR, 100%) as the sacrificial hole scavenger. For the aqueous experiments,
sodium sulfate (Na2SO4, VWR) or sodium sulfite
(Na2SO3, Sigma-Aldrich, ≥98%) was the
electrolyte. For the ion chromatography related electrochemical measurements,
potassium chloride (KCl, VWR) solution was used as the electrolyte
to avoid the interference between sodium and lithium. Before the electrochemical
measurements, the nonaqueous LiClO4 and Bu4NClO4 electrolyte solutions were dried using molecular sieves (3
Å, 3–5 mm, Alfa Aesar).
the preparation of the spray-coating
suspension, Aeroxide P25 TiO2 (Evonik) was dispersed in
absolute ethanol (VWR, 100%). The FTO (fluoride doped tin oxide, Sigma-Aldrich,
∼7 Ω cm–2) covered glass substrates
were cleaned with acetone (VWR, 100%), 2-propanol (VWR, 100%), and
deionized (DI) water prior to use. For the nonaqueous electrochemical
measurements, lithium perchlorate (LiClO4, Acros Organics,
99+%) or tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (Bu4NClO4, Fluka, >98%) was used in acetonitrile (ACN, VWR, 100%) with
methanol
(VWR, 100%) as the sacrificial hole scavenger. For the aqueous experiments,
sodium sulfate (Na2SO4, VWR) or sodium sulfite
(Na2SO3, Sigma-Aldrich, ≥98%) was the
electrolyte. For the ion chromatography related electrochemical measurements,
potassium chloride (KCl, VWR) solution was used as the electrolyte
to avoid the interference between sodium and lithium. Before the electrochemical
measurements, the nonaqueous LiClO4 and Bu4NClO4 electrolyte solutions were dried using molecular sieves (3
Å, 3–5 mm, Alfa Aesar).
3
Synthesis of Labeled Ferulic Acid
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Research chemicals were obtained from the following suppliers: Cu(I)Cl, copper(II)-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), HCl (37%), NaOH, ammonium chloride, ethyl acetate, and ethanol from Carl Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany); acetonitrile, diethyl ether, methanol, acetone, petroleum ether, tetrahydrofuran, and Na2SO4 from VWR International (Radnor, PA, USA); acetone-d6, ferulic acid, [1-13C]triethyl phosphonoacetate, and trifluoroacetic acid from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); D2O from deutero GmbH (Kastellaun, Germany); acetyl chloride and vanillin from Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland); formic acid from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany); NaHCO3 from Riedel-de Haën AG (Seelze, Germany); carbogen (5% CO2) from Air Liquide S.A. (Düsseldorf, Germany), and NaH (60% dispersion in oil) from Alfa Aesar (Karlsruhe, Germany).
4
Purification of Nisin by Electrodialysis
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Na2SO4, used as electrode rinsing solution, and KCl, used as concentrate for the purification of nisin by ED, were purchased from BDH (VWR International Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada), while HCl, NaOH and (NH4)2SO4 (ammonium sulfate) were from Fisher Scientific (Montréal, QC, Canada). LC-MS-grade water, acetonitrile and formic acid were purchased from Fischer Scientific (Ottawa, ON, Canada). Pierce® BCA Protein Assay Kit was also purchased from Fischer Scientific (Ottawa, ON, Canada). Whey permeate powder was provided by Agropur (Québec, QC, Canada).
5
Extraction and Characterization of Tenebrio molitor Larvae
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Freeze-dried yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae were purchased from the commercial supplier Firma Cricket Express, Bohus, Gothenburg, Sweden. The worms were grown on organic feed which mainly consisted of wheat, wheat bran and carrot. The larvae were not starved before being killed. NaCl, NaOH, Na2SO4 and HCl, hexane and isopropanol were purchased from VWR (Darmstadt, Germany) and ethanol from Solveco Chemicals AB (Malmö, Sweden). Bradford reagent and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Transglutaminate was kindly provided by Mühlenchemie GmbH & Co. (Ahrensburg, Germany). All reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade.
6
Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene-EDOT Composites
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Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, Alfa Aesar),
sodium sulfate (Na2SO4, VWR), sodium hydrogen
carbonate (NaHCO3, VWR) were of analytical grade and used
without further purification. Graphene powder was purchased from Elicarb
(premium graphene powder), while multiwall carbon nanotubes were purchased
from Cheap Tubes USA. Nitrogen (N2, 99.995%), carbon dioxide
(CO2, 99.995%), and argon (Ar, 99.999%) gases were purchased
from Messer. The monomer 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT, SigmaAldrich,
97%) was vacuum-distilled prior to each use. All solutions were prepared
using deionized water (Millipore Direct Q3-UV, 18.2 MΩ cm).
sodium sulfate (Na2SO4, VWR), sodium hydrogen
carbonate (NaHCO3, VWR) were of analytical grade and used
without further purification. Graphene powder was purchased from Elicarb
(premium graphene powder), while multiwall carbon nanotubes were purchased
from Cheap Tubes USA. Nitrogen (N2, 99.995%), carbon dioxide
(CO2, 99.995%), and argon (Ar, 99.999%) gases were purchased
from Messer. The monomer 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT, SigmaAldrich,
97%) was vacuum-distilled prior to each use. All solutions were prepared
using deionized water (Millipore Direct Q3-UV, 18.2 MΩ cm).
7
Synthesis of Ethylene Glycol-Modified Silane
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Ethylene glycol and Pluronic P123 were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 99%), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), and magnesium (powder, Mg) came from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ethanol (EtOH, 96%) and sodium sulfate (anhydrous, Na2SO4) were purchased from VWR (Darmstadt, Germany). All chemicals were used as received without further purification. Aqueous solutions were prepared using deionized water with a specific resistance of 15 MΩ cm.
Tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)orthosilicate, an Ethylene glycol-modified silane (EGMS), was synthesized from TEOS and Ethylene glycol adapted from the procedure of Branhuber et al. [54 (link)]. Prior to synthesis, Ethylene glycol was dried with Na2SO4 and purified by distillation from Mg. A ceramic yield (residual SiO2) of 21%, which corresponds to a 4:1 ratio of glycolate to silicon was calculated by using a thermogravimetric analysis.
Tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)orthosilicate, an Ethylene glycol-modified silane (EGMS), was synthesized from TEOS and Ethylene glycol adapted from the procedure of Branhuber et al. [54 (link)]. Prior to synthesis, Ethylene glycol was dried with Na2SO4 and purified by distillation from Mg. A ceramic yield (residual SiO2) of 21%, which corresponds to a 4:1 ratio of glycolate to silicon was calculated by using a thermogravimetric analysis.
8
Isolation and Purification of 6-Pentyl-α-Pyrone
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6-Pentyl-α-pyrone was isolated from Trichoderma atroviride strain P1 according to the method previously described [18 (link)]. Briefly, five 10 mm Ø plugs, obtained from actively growing P1 cultures, were injected into 5 L conical flasks which contained 2.5 L of potato dextrose broth (PDB, HI-MEDIA, Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India). Two static cultures were then incubated, at 25 °C, for 30 days, and subsequently filtered under vacuum by a filter paper (Miracloth).
Culture filtrates (5L) were subjected to extraction using ethyl acetate (EtOAc, VWR International, LLC, Milan, Italy). The organic phase was first dried with sodium sulfate anhydrous (Na2SO4, VWR International), then evaporated under vacuum at 37 °C. Purification of 6 PP was achieved by flash column chromatography (with stationary phase containing silica gel, 100 g) using an elution gradient based on petroleum ether (Carlo Erba, Milan, Italy) and EtOAc (0–100% EtOAc). Characterization of purified 6 PP was achieved by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis according to the method previously reported [25 (link)].
Culture filtrates (5L) were subjected to extraction using ethyl acetate (EtOAc, VWR International, LLC, Milan, Italy). The organic phase was first dried with sodium sulfate anhydrous (Na2SO4, VWR International), then evaporated under vacuum at 37 °C. Purification of 6 PP was achieved by flash column chromatography (with stationary phase containing silica gel, 100 g) using an elution gradient based on petroleum ether (Carlo Erba, Milan, Italy) and EtOAc (0–100% EtOAc). Characterization of purified 6 PP was achieved by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis according to the method previously reported [25 (link)].
9
Quantitative Analysis of DRO, EE2, and OZ
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Drospirenone (DRO) was purchased from European Pharmacopoeia Reference Standard (purity 100%), 17-α-ethnylestradiol (EE2) from Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Germany) (purity > 96.3%), while oxazepam (OZ) was obtained from F.I.S. Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.a. (Vicenza, Italy) (purity 100%); Na2SO4 from VWR International S.r.l. (Milan, Italy) (purity > 99%), acetonitrile (ACN) and phosphoric acid were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany) (HPLC grade, purity > 99%), H2WO4 and oxalic acid dihydrate were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA) (purity 99.5–102.5%), hydrogen peroxide (purity 35%) and α-phenyl N-tert-butyl nitrone were purchased from Merck KGaA, lithium perchlorate was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium) (purity 99%), hydrocloric acid was purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents S.r.l. (Milan, Italy) (37%). All the solutions were prepared using ultrapure waters (Milli-Q® systems, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
10
Brine Preparation and Surface Tension Measurements
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NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich,
99.5%), KCl (Merck, 99.5%), CaCl2·2H2O
(Merck, 99%), MgCl2·6H2O (Acros Organics,
99%), Na2SO4 (VWR, 99.8%), NaHCO3 (VWR, 100.0%), and deionized water were used to prepare the brines.
NaOH (1 M) solutions prepared from NaOH (>98%, Fisher) were used
to
adjust the pH when stated.
Several brines were used to extract
the crude oil surface-active species to the water phase, to contact
the powder samples, and to perform the Washburn capillary rise experiments.
Their compositions are detailed inTable 2 . The surface tensions were measured at room
temperature (22 ± 1 °C) with a platinum Wilhelmy plate using
a Kruss K100 tensiometer.
Toluene (>99%) and n-heptane (99%)
used to rinse
the powder samples aged in crude oil were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.
In the preliminary experiments, to check the impact of adsorbed
species on the wettability of Sikaisol sand, a cationic surfactant,
tetradecyl trimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), was used. It was obtained
from Fisher (>95%). The surfactant solutions at various concentrations
were prepared in deionized water.
An alkylpolyglucoside surfactant
(APG) developed and provided by
BASF was used in the last section to increase the water-wetness. Its
hydrophobic chain is a linear alkyl chain containing 8–16 carbons,
and the polymerization degree of the polar head is 1.4–1.5.
It was prepared at a concentration of 2000 ppm in SB.
99.5%), KCl (Merck, 99.5%), CaCl2·2H2O
(Merck, 99%), MgCl2·6H2O (Acros Organics,
99%), Na2SO4 (VWR, 99.8%), NaHCO3 (VWR, 100.0%), and deionized water were used to prepare the brines.
NaOH (1 M) solutions prepared from NaOH (>98%, Fisher) were used
to
adjust the pH when stated.
Several brines were used to extract
the crude oil surface-active species to the water phase, to contact
the powder samples, and to perform the Washburn capillary rise experiments.
Their compositions are detailed in
temperature (22 ± 1 °C) with a platinum Wilhelmy plate using
a Kruss K100 tensiometer.
Toluene (>99%) and n-heptane (99%)
used to rinse
the powder samples aged in crude oil were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.
In the preliminary experiments, to check the impact of adsorbed
species on the wettability of Sikaisol sand, a cationic surfactant,
tetradecyl trimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), was used. It was obtained
from Fisher (>95%). The surfactant solutions at various concentrations
were prepared in deionized water.
An alkylpolyglucoside surfactant
(APG) developed and provided by
BASF was used in the last section to increase the water-wetness. Its
hydrophobic chain is a linear alkyl chain containing 8–16 carbons,
and the polymerization degree of the polar head is 1.4–1.5.
It was prepared at a concentration of 2000 ppm in SB.
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