D saccharic acid 1 4 lactone

Protocatechuic, gallic, caffeic, 5‐caffeoylquinic, and chicoric acid were purchased from Chengdu Must Bio‐Technology Co., Ltd. Caftaric acid was from Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France). Solutions of standard phenolic acids were prepared in 50% methanol–water (volume/volume). ‐glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31, type IX A from E. coli), sulfatase (type H‐1 from helix pomatia, containing ‐glucuronidase), d‐saccharic acid 1,4‐lactone (a glucuronidase inhibitor), mycophenolic acid, and brain–heart infusion were purchased from Sigma. Chicory was from Hebei Vilof Agritech Co., Ltd, which were transported in a light‐proof foam box with a cold supply chain and consumed by the subjects in 24–36 hr after harvest.

Bilirubin (99.3%), Trizma base, and alamethicin were obtained from J&K Scientific (Beijing, China). Uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA), d-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone, and MgCl₂ were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Beijing, China). Pooled male Sprague–Dawley RLM (452501) were obtained from BD Gentest (Shanghai, China). Emodin (99.3%), physcion (99.2%), and rhein (99.8%) were purchased from the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). Emodin-8-O-glc (98.0%), citreorosein (98.0%), trans-emodin dianthrones (98.0%), and cis-emodin dianthrones (98.0%) were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co. (Shanghai, China). Polygonumnolides C2, C3, and C4 and the P. multiflorum extract were gifts from Dr. Yang (Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College). Polygonumnolides C2, C3, and C4 were isolated and characterized by Dr. Yang and colleagues^{20 (link)}. All other chemicals used in the glucuronidation incubations and the ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) solvents were of high-performance LC grade and were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Beijing, China).

β-lapachone was obtained from Southeast Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Jiangsu, China). Propofol, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), dicoumarol (DIC), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), glucose 6-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), uridine 5’-diphosphate-glucuronic acid (UDPGA), D-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone, β-D-glucuronidase and chlorzoxazone, were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Diazepam was obtained from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China).