measured with a BPCL luminescence analyzer (Institute of Biophysics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China). A F-7000 fluorescence
spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Japan) was used for the photoluminescence
(PL) study, and absorption spectra were recorded by a UV-3900s spectrophotometer
(Hitachi, Japan). Electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis was performed
on a JEOL JES-FA200 ESR spectrometer (ESP-300E, Bruker, Japan). Mass
spectrometry was performed on MALDI-TOF-MS (Shimadzu Biotech Axima,
Japan). Electrochemical measurements were carried out using a Zahner
IM6 potentiostat (Zahner Elektrik GmbH & Co. KG-Kronach, Germany).
The CL spectra were recorded by a F-7000 fluorescence spectrophotometer
(Hitachi, Japan) at a closed light source in a flow cell connected
to peristaltic pumps.