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1

Hispolon Inhibits Inflammatory Pathways

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Hispolon was acquired from BJYM Pharmaceutical. & Chemical Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). The purity of hispolon was higher than 95% (Figure 1A). LPS, dexamethasone (DEX) and other chemicals, solvents, and reagents were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for the determination of cytokine secretion were acquired from BioLegend Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA). Anti-PI3k and Anti-p-AKT were obtained from Merck Millipore (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). The antibodies against TLR4, AKT, p-JNK, ATF6, p-CaMKK2, p-LKB1, catalase, GPx, SOD, Keap1, COX-2, caspase 12, IRE1, GRP78, PERK, CHOP, Beclin 1 and LC3 I/II were obtained from GeneTex (Irvine, CA, USA). Antibodies against IKK, p-IKK, JNK, p-ERK, ERK, p-p38, mTOR and p-mTOR were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Anti-iNOS, anti-HO-1, anti-Nrf-2, anti-PPARγ, anti-IκBα, anti-NF-κB, anti-p38, and anti-β-actin were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Determination of protein concentration using a Bio-Rad protein assay kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd., Watford, UK).
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Western Blot Analysis of Autophagy and Apoptosis Markers

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The electrophoresis and transfer methods were described in our previous study [23 (link)]. Membranes were incubated with primary anti-MMP-2/9 (GeneTex, CA, USA), ATG5/12 (Abcam, CB, UK), Beclin 1 (Cell Signaling, MA, USA), LC3-I/II (GeneTex, CA, USA), cleaved-caspase-3 (Abcam, CB, UK), cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP; Cell Signaling, MA, USA), anti-β-actin (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and anti–glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Abcam, CB, UK) antibodies at 4 °C overnight. Furthermore, they were incubated with the appropriate horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody (Cell Signaling, MA, USA) or anti-mouse antibody (Sigma-Aldrich/Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) at 37 °C for 1 h. Enhanced chemiluminescence was then added to the blots, which were imaged using a ChemiDoc-It Imaging System (UVP Inc., CA, USA).
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Western Blot Analysis of Cardiac Proteins

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Protein samples (50 mg) were separated in SDS-PAGE and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. The blots were blocked with 5% nonfat milk for 2 h at room temperature, then incubated with primary antibody including BNP (1:1,000 dilution, sc-271185; Santa Cruz), β-MHC (1:2,000 dilution, SAB2106550; Sigma), Beclin-1 (1:1,000 dilution, ab207612; Abcam), LC3-II/I (1:500 dilution, GTX100240; GeneTex), p62 (1:1,000 dilution, 5114S; CST), P-AMPK (1:500 dilution, bs-4002R; Bioss), T-AMPK (1:1,000 dilution, E-AB-33742; Elabscience), P-mTOR (1:500 dilution, bs-3494R; Bioss), T-mTOR (1:200 dilution, BM4182; Boster), PPARγ (1:500 dilution, bs-4590R; Bioss), Nuclear NF-κB (1:500 dilution, bs-0465R; Bioss), total NF-κB (1:200 dilution; Abcam), GAPDH (1:2000; Zhong Shan-Golden Bridge Biological Technology), and β-actin (1:5,000 dilution; Santa Cruz), respectively, at 4°C overnight. The western blot bands were collected by Imaging System (LI-COR Biosciences) and quantified with Odyssey v.1.2 software by measuring intensity (area × optical density [OD]) in each group with β-actin as the internal control.
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