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4 protocols using bone morphogenetic protein 6

1

Multilineage Differentiation of Cultured MSCs

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Cultured MSCs at three passages were harvested using Trypsin-EDTA (Gibco). For adipogenic differentiation, 1.0 × 104 cells were transferred to a 24-well plate and cultured overnight in culture medium. Adherent cells were cultured in adipogenic induction medium (Lonza), which was changed every 3–4 days. After 14 days, oil red O staining (Muto Pure Chemicals) confirmed the differentiation of these cells into adipocytes. For osteogenic differentiation, 7.0 × 103 cells were transferred to a 24-well plate and cultured overnight in culture medium. Adherent cells were cultured in osteogenic induction medium (Lonza), which was changed every 3–4 days. After 14 days, the differentiation of these cells into osteoblasts was assessed by alizarin red staining (Millipore). For chondrogenic differentiation, 5.0 × 105 cells were transferred to a 15-mL tube and cultured in chondrogenic induction medium (Lonza) containing 10 ng/mL transforming growth factor-β3 (Lonza) and 500 ng/mL bone morphogenetic protein 6 (R&D Systems), which was changed every 3–4 days. After 21 days, chondrogenic differentiated cells were was analyzed by Toluidine blue (Wako) and Safranin O staining (TCI) staining.
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2

Multilineage Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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For osteogenic and adipogenic-differentiation, adherent MSCs were cultured in osteogenic or adipogenic induction medium (Lonza), respectively, with twice weekly medium changes. After 21 days differentiation into osteoblasts was confirmed via alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-based enzymatic staining (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, United States) and Alizarin red S staining (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, United States). After 21 days differentiation into adipocytes was confirmed via Oil red O (Muto Pure Chemicals, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan) staining, respectively (Morikawa et al., 2009b (link); Houlihan et al., 2012 (link)).
To induce chondrogenic-differentiation, cultured cells or spheres were transferred into 15-mL tubes containing chondrogenic-induction medium (Lonza) with 10 ng/mL transforming growth factor-β3 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, United States) and 500 ng/mL bone morphogenetic protein-6 (R&D Systems). The medium was changed twice weekly. After 21 days, chondrogenic-differentiation was confirmed via staining with toluidine blue (Wako) (Morikawa et al., 2009b (link); Houlihan et al., 2012 (link)).
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3

Hepcidin Induction in HepG2 Cells

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HepG2 cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and cultured in Eagle’s Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM medium) from ATCC containing 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) purchased from Gemini Bioproducts. Induction of hepcidin was measured in sub-confluent cultures following replacement of the medium for 48 hours with serum-free EMEM or serum-free EMEM containing 10 ng/ml Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6 (BMP6) (R&D Systems).
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4

Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells

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Adherent bone marrow stromal cells were cultured to 70% confluency. Cells were then harvested and then seeded at a density of 30,000 cells per cm2. WT cells were maintained in maintenance media (α-MEM supplemented with 10% Fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% Penicillin-streptomycin, 1% L-glutamine, 1% Non-essential amino acids), osteogenic media (maintenance media + 10 mM β-glycerol phosphate + 50 μM ascorbate-2-phosphate + 100 nM Dexamethasone), osteogenic media in combination with conditioned media collected form either WT or dnMMAL osteoclasts (here condition media was first concentrated using 3 KDa cut off concentration filters (Amicon, Millipore) and then mixed in a ratio of 1:10 with osteogenic media), or osteogenic media in combination with 30 ng/mL Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6 (BMP-6) (R & D Systems). Media were refreshed every 3rd days. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured by SensoLyte pNPP Alkaline Phosphatase Assay Kit (AnaSpec, Inc)39 (link) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Mineralized nodules were stained with alizarin red as per the protocol described earlier40 (link).
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