Vancomycin

Vancomycin-sensitive and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis strains and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains included clinical isolates collected at the university hospital UZ Leuven (Belgium). The Vancomycin-sensitive S. aureus strain was ATCC 6538 (Rosenbach). The Vancomycine-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) HIP5827 (Tenover et al., 1998 (link)) and Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) were kindly donated by Olivier Denis (Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium). E. faecalis and S. aureus strains were grown at 37°C on brain heart infusion (BHI; Becton-Dickinson, Erembodegem, Belgium) agar and lysogeny broth (LB; also known as Luria-Bertani medium) agar plates, respectively. C. difficile strain ATJ ribotype 014/20 and strain AIU ribotype 027 were kept on brain heart infusion agar plates, grown at 37°C in an anaerobic cabinet. Vancomycin, daptomycin, tigeglycine, and linezolid were purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Munich, Germany).

Deoxycholic acid (DCA) and JTE-013 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Z-Guggulsterone was purchased from Santa cruz Biotechnology (Santa cruz, CA). Phospherylated and total ERK, JNK, IκB antibodies and SP600125, SB 203580, U0126 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technologies (Beverly, MA). Vancomycin, QNZ and SKI-606 were obtained from Selleckchem (Houston, TX). Methoctramine was purchased from AdooQ Bioscience (Irvine, CA). SR 11302 was purchased from APExBIO (Houston, TX). C29 was obtained from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ). TLR2, Src antibodies were from Abcam and phosphotyrosine antibody (4G10) was from Millipore. ELISA Kits were obtained from eBioscience (San Diego, CA).