Hesperidin

Ferulic acid (99%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ascorbic acid and quercetin (≤100%) were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Osaka, Japan). Caffeic acid (≥98%), curcumin (100%), hesperidin (90%), rutin (95.0–101.5%), and triiodothyronine (T₃) were purchased from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Gallic acid (≥98%), chlorogenic acid (≥95%), ellagic acid (≥95%), sesamin (≥95%), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (≥96%), genistein (≥98%), daidzein (≥95%), luteolin (≥98%), theaflavin (≥98%), isoquercetin (98%), and morin (100%) were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Resveratrol (>99.0%), fisetin (>96.0%), isorhamnetin (>95.0%), and troxerutin (90%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Cyanidin chloride (99%) was purchased from Nagara Science Co. Ltd. (Gifu, Japan). Apigenin (≥98%) was purchased from LKT Laboratories, Inc. (St. Paul, MN, USA). Kaempferol (98%), myricetin (98%), and naringin (98%) were purchased from BDL Pharmatech Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Hyperoside (90–100%) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals Inc. (Toronto, ON, Canada). Neohesperidin (≥98%) was purchased from Chem-Impex International, Inc. (Wood Dale, IL, USA). All other chemicals were commercially available and had the highest possible purity.