Glycine 3

Cooked patties of beef hamburger and Beyond Meat hamburger were bought from A&W (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada), and cooked patties of Impossible Meat burger were bought from Burger King (Edmonton, AB, Canada). ACE (from rabbit lung), hippuryl-His-Leu (HHL), pepsin (porcine gastric mucosa), pancreatin (porcine pancreas), 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS), cytochrome C, aprotinin, vitamin B12, (glycine)₃, dithiothreitol (DTT) and angiotensin II (Ang II) were obtained from Sigma (Oakville, ON, Canada). Vascular smooth muscle A7r5 cell line was purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), 4-(2-68 hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) were obtained from Gibco Invitrogen (Burlington, ON, Canada). Dihydroethidium (DHE) was purchased from Biotium (Fremont, CA, USA). Solvents used for UPLC were of chromatographic grade. Other chemicals applied were of analytical grade.

Spent hen (~70–80 weeks old, ~1.12 kg) carcasses were purchased from a local supermarket (T&T) in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Thermoase PC10F (from Bacillus thermoproteolyticus Var. Rokk, 90,000 U/g protein), Protease S (10,000 U/g) and Protease M (40,000 U/g) were obtained from Amano Enzyme Inc. (Nagoya, Japan). Alcalase 2.4L (2.4 U/g) was bought from Novozymes (Franklinton, NC); Protex 50FP (500,000 U/g), Protex 26L (2000 U/g), and Protex 6L (580,000 U/g)were purchased from Genencor International Inc. (Rochester, NY); pepsin (from porcine gastric mucosa, 1064 U/mg), trypsin (from porcine pancreas, 1983 U/mg)), methane-sulfonic acid, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS), acetonitrile, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), ACE (from rabbit lung), N-hippuryl-His-Leu (HHL), cytochrome C, aprotinin, vitamin B₁₂, (glycine)₃, and glycine, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada). A7r5 (CRL-1444), EA.hy926 (CRL-2922), and Caco-2 (HTB-37) cell lines were obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), 0.25% (w/v) trypsin-0.53 mM EDTA, fetal bovine serum (FBS), Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS with Ca and Mg), nonessential amino acids (NEAA), 4-(2−68 hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), and penicillin−streptomycin were obtained from Gibco Invitrogen (Burlington, ON, Canada).