Zetasizer nano zsp instrument

The size evaluation of each sample was performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). A Zetasizer Nano ZSP instrument (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK) equipped with a He–Ne laser (633 nm, fixed scattering angle of 173°, room temperature 25 °C) was used. The protein samples were dissolved in 10 mM phosphate buffer pH 7 and filtered (0.22 μm) before each analysis.

A dynamic light scattering (DLS) Zetasizer nano zsp instrument (Malvern instruments Led) was used to measure the diameter distribution at room temperature. The size of TTCI NPs with different proportions was first characterized. 200 µL TTCI NPs (different proportions, 1mM) were diluted with deionized water to produce 1 mL aqueous solution. The diameter distribution of the diluted aqueous solution was measured at room temperature.
The morphology of TTCI NPs (TTCI:DSPE-PEG2000 = 1:0.2 (mol:mol)) was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on a JEM-1400plus system (JEOL, Japan); 30 µL TTCI NPs (1 mM) was diluted to 100 µL aqueous solution and mixed together. The diluted solution was applied to a copper grid and 0.2% (w/v) phosphotungstic acid aqueous solution was used to stain the samples.

The morphology of the as-synthesized materials was examined via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) via Tecnai TF20 microscope (FEI Company, Eindhoven, Netherlands) at an operating voltage of 200 kV. The crystal structure was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) via an X’Pert Phillips diffractometer (Phillips-PANalytical, Almelo, Netherlands) equipped with Cu-kα radiation (λ = 1.54059 Å). The electronic structures and oxidation states were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with Axis Ultra DLD XPS (Kratos, Manchester, UK) equipped with a monochromatic Al-Kα radiation source (1486.6 eV). All binding energies were corrected against standard C 1 s peak, i.e., 284.6 eV. The textural properties were examined via N₂ sorption experiments at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method.
The zeta-potentials (ζ-potential) measurements were carried out using Zetasizer Nano ZSP instrument (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire, UK) based on the electrophoretic mobility by applying Smoluchowski’s approximation. For each measurement, 5 milligrams of the sample were dispersed into 10 mL deionized water and sonicated for 10 min. After that, the pH value was adjusted by the addition of NaOH/HCl, and the steady state value was recorded.

The mean particle size and size distribution of the NPs were measured using a Zetasizer Nano ZSP instrument (Malvern Panalytical Ltd., Malvern, UK) equipped with a He-Ne laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm and a scattering angle of 173°. The aqueous suspensions of the NPs with various concentrations were placed into a plastic cuvette with an optical pathway length of 10 mm. The measurements were carried out at 25 °C. Analysis of autocorrelation functions was performed using Zetasizer software v. 7.11.

DLS measurements of vesicle size distributions were performed using a Zetasizer Nano ZSP instrument (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK) with backscatter detection at a scattering angle of 173°. The viscosity (0.8882 cP) and the refractive index (1.330) of water were used as parameters for the buffer solution, and the material properties of the analyte were set to those of the lipids (absorption coefficient of 0.001 and refractive index of 1.440). SUVs were used at a concentration of 0.05% in these measurements and the experiments were performed at 25 °C. The acquisition time for the collection of each dataset was 10 s and accumulation of the correlation curves was obtained using ten repetitions. Each measurement was repeated 10 times to estimate standard deviations and average values of the centres of the size distributions.

PS particles were purchased from DaE Science and Technology Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China). The PS beads were evenly suspended in deionized water (diameter 100 nm, density 25 mg/cm⁻³). Once received, the PS solution was directly stored in a refrigerator (4 °C) until the experiment was executed.
The particle size distribution and surface charge of PS NPs used in this study were measured in Milli-Q water and a filtered experimental solution (used for biofilm cultivation) with a Zetasizer Nano ZSP instrument (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK) [26 (link)]. The morphology of the PS NPs was imaged using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Hitachi S-4800 SEM, Japan).

The average size (hydrodynamic mean diameter or Z-average), size distribution (polydispersity index, PdI) and zeta potential (ζ) of nanoparticles were measured using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZSP instrument. For the determination of size distributions, samples were dispersed to a concentration of 0.5 mg mL⁻¹ in ultrapure water via sonication (1 min at 10% amplitude using a Branson SFX-55Ò0 sonifier). All measurements were performed in water at 25 °C. The Z-average diameter, polydispersity and ζ values were calculated with the software provided by the manufacturer (Zsizer Software v.7.14) from the measurements performed in quintuplicate (12 runs/measurement).