Aspartate

Standard amino acids (alanine (Ala), arginine (Arg), aspartate (Asp), asparagine (Asn), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine (Gly), glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), histidine (His), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys), phenylalanine (Phe), proline (Pro), serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), tyrosine (Tyr) and valine (Val)) were purchased from Sigma.
Standards flavonols (quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-glucoronide and kaempferol 3-glucoside); phenolic acids (caffeic acid, gallic acid, caftaric acid and isoferulic acid); flavanols and procyanidins (catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, B1, B2, C1); stilbenes (trans-piceid, trans-resveratrol and trans-piceatannol) and other compounds (phloretin, naringenin, naringenin glucoside and taxifolin) were purchased from Extrasynthesis (France). Stilbenes, for the majority, have been purified in the MIB laboratory (such as the monomers trans-astringin and trans-isorhapontin, the dimers trans-ε-viniferin, trans-ω-viniferin, trans-δ-viniferin, pallidol, parthenocissin A, vitisinol C and ampelopsin A, the trimers miyabenol C and α-viniferin, and the tetramers: hopeaphenol, isohopeaphenol, r2-viniferin and r-viniferin).

Huangjiu samples in Shaoxing region (S1, S2) fermented by glutinous rice and japonica rice, respectively, were provided by Zhejiang Pagoda Brand Shaoxing Rice Wine Co., Ltd., Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China. The samples were brewed using the same Jianhu water, wheat Qu (a saccharification starter) and Jiuyao (a fermentation starter) with the same ratio. And the same brewing technique including soaking and steaming rice, fermentation (primary fermentation at 28°C for 3–5 days, then secondary fermentation at medium-low temperatures for about 90 days), filtration, pressing, clarification and storage was applied. All of the samples were stored at 4°C and they were analyzed within 1 month after being transferred to the laboratory.
The regents, aspartate, leucine, lysine, proline, histidine, arginine, 2-octanol (internal standard) and n-alkane standards (C₅–C₃₀) of chromatographic grade and purity ≥98.0% were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Shanghai, China).

The human metabolic knockout pooled CRISPR library was a gift from David Sabatini (Addgene # 110066). The library consists of 29,790 sgRNAs targeting 2,981 metabolism‐related genes, with ~10 sgRNA/gene, as well as 500 intergenic control sgRNAs in a Cas9‐ expressing lentiviral vector. For lentivirus production, the psPAX2 (a gift from Didier Trono; Addgene plasmid # 12260) and VSV.G (a gift from Tannishtha Reya; Addgene plasmid # 14888) packaging plasmids were used. plentiCRISPR v3 was bought from Horizon (Cross et al, 2016 (link)) and pLKO.2 was a kind gift from Sebastian Nijman (Ludwig Cancer Research, Oxford, UK). For the competition assay, the pKAM‐GFP plasmid (a gift from Archibald Perkins, Addgene plasmid #101865) was used to tag the cells with GFP. The plasmids used for the FUCCI system, pLL3.7 m‐mTurquoise2‐SLBP(18‐126)‐IRES‐H1‐mMaroon1 and pLL3.7 m‐Clover‐Geminin(1‐110)‐IRES‐mKO2‐Cdt(30‐120) were a gift from Michael Lin (Addgene plasmids #83842 and #83841, respectively).
Etoposide, NCS from Streptomyces carzinostaticus ≥ 90%, and aspartate were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich. Phenformin and Carboplatin were obtained from MedChem Express. TTFA was obtained from Abcam.

L. reuteri (F 275^T = ATCC 23272^T = DSM 20016^T = JCM 1112^T = LMG 9213^T = LMG 13557^T) bacteria were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). ³H-L-kynurenine (³H-KYN) (16 Ci/mmol) was purchased from Amersham (Buckinghamshire, UK). Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), aspartate, α-aminoadipate, glutamine, pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, α-ketoisocaproate, α-ketoisovalerate, oxaloacetate, 2-amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid (BCH) and PF-04859989 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). L-Kynurenine sulfate (L-KYN) was acquired from Sai Advantium (Hyderabad, India) and D-kynurenine sulfate (D-KYN) from Shanghai Hanhong Chemical Co. (Shanghai, China). BFF-122 [(S)-(-)-9-(4-aminopiperazine-1-yl)-8-fluoro-3-methyl-6-oxo-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-1-oxa-3a-azaphenalene-5-carboxylic acid] was kindly provided by Dr. Y. Kajii (Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma Corp., Yokohama, Japan). All other chemicals used were purchased from commercial suppliers and were of the highest available purity.