The rheological characterization of hydrogels enriched with DELOS nanovesicles was determined by a HAAKE RheoStress 1 rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific™, Karlsruhe, Germany). Measurements were performed at 20.0 ± 0.1 °C using a configuration of a cone-and-plate geometry (plate diameter of 60 mm, and cone angle of 2° with a gap of 0.105 mm). Continuous shear investigations were performed to evaluate the shear stress (Pa) as a function of shear rate (s−1). This study was carried out over a shear rate of 0–50 s−1 for 3 min, then measurement was maintained at a constant shear rate of 50 s−1 for 1 min, and back to 0 s−1 for 3 min, to mimic similar conditions to the real topic administration of a hydrogel. Viscosity was measured by evaluating the shear stress versus the shear rate in the phase of a constant shear rate of 50 s−1.
Haake rheostress 1 rheometer
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in Germany, United States
The Haake RheoStress 1 is a rotational rheometer designed to measure the rheological properties of various materials. It provides accurate and reliable data on the flow and deformation behavior of liquids, semisolids, and solids under controlled conditions. The instrument is capable of performing a wide range of rheological tests, including steady-state, dynamic, and transient measurements.
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20 protocols using haake rheostress 1 rheometer
1
Rheological Characterization of Hydrogels with DELOS Nanovesicles
2
Rheological Characterization of Topical Formulations
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Determining the rheological behaviour in topical products is essential in topical products because theological properties are related to the consistency, texture and spreadability of the product. The viscosity of the formulation will impact the ease of application of the formulation to the skin. The rheological study was carried out with a Haake Rheostress 1® rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany) using a cone-cone system (C60/2°Ti: 60 mm diameter, 2° angle). The shear stress (τ) and the viscosity (η) were determined as a function of the shear rate (γ) at 25 ± 0.1 °C. The temperature was set with a thermostatic circulator Thermo Haake Phoenix II + Haake C25P. The Rotational measurements involved a 3-phase program which consisted of a ramp-up shear rate from 0 to 50 s−1 for 3 min, followed by a steady shear rate at 50 s−1 for 1 min and finally, a ramp-down from 50 to 0 s−1 for another period of 3 min. The viscosity was calculated at a steady shear at 100 s−1.
The obtained data were analyzed with Data Manager v. 4.87 software (Haake Rheowin®, Thermo Electron Corporation, Karlsruhe, Germany) Data from the flow curves were modelled to different mathematical models [51 (link)]; and the best-fit model was selected on the basis of correlation coefficient and chi-square value.
The obtained data were analyzed with Data Manager v. 4.87 software (Haake Rheowin®, Thermo Electron Corporation, Karlsruhe, Germany) Data from the flow curves were modelled to different mathematical models [51 (link)]; and the best-fit model was selected on the basis of correlation coefficient and chi-square value.
3
Rheological Characterization of CTS Gel
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The rheological properties of CTS gel were analyzed in a rotational HaakeRheo Stress 1 rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany) with cone-plate geometry (Haake C60/2° Ti, 60 mm diameter, 0.105 mm cone-plate gap). The shear profile was evaluated following a ramp-up stage (0–100 s−1 for 3 min), a constant shear rate stage (100 s−1 for 1 min), and a ramp-down stage (100–0 s−1 for 3 min). All measurements were taken in triplicate at room temperature and the steady-state viscosity was recorded at 100 s−1 (constant shear stretch).
Experimental results were then fitted to different mathematical models by regression analysis [4 (link)].
Experimental results were then fitted to different mathematical models by regression analysis [4 (link)].
4
Rheological Characterization of Skin Application
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Skin application properties (apparent thixotropy and elasticity) were characterised with rotational and oscillatory tests. Rheological measurements were performed with a Haake Rheostress 1® rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany) connected to a thermostatic circulator Thermo Haake Phoenix II + Haake C25P. Data were analyzed with Haake Rheowin® Data Manager v. 3.3 software (Thermo Electron Corporation, Karlsruhe, Germany).
5
Rheological Analysis of Surimi Pastes
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Surimi pastes added without and with PHP at several levels were made as explained earlier and were analyzed using a HAAKE RheoStress1 rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany) following the method of Olatunde et al. [34 (link)]. An oscillation frequency of 1 Hz with 1% deformation was used for the analysis. These conditions produced a linear response in the viscoelastic region. The temperature sweep was recorded during heating up from 20 to 90 °C with heating rate of 1 °C/min. Silicone oil was used to minimize water evaporation of surimi pastes during measurement.
6
Rheological Characterization of Reticulated Gel Samples
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Rheological characterization of the gel samples (prior to being reticulated, after reticulation, and finally, the gel reticulated and extruded) was carried out in duplicate using a Thermo Scientific Haake Rheostress 1 rheometer (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Kalsruhe, Germany). Steady-state measurements were made with a fixed plate and a mobile upper plate (PP60/2° Ti; 60 mm diameter and 2° angle). The device was controlled by Haake Rheowin® Job Manager v. 4.87 software. The shear stress (τ) was measured as a function of the shear rate (γ). Viscosity curves (η = f(γ)) and flow curves (τ = f(γ)) were recorded at 25 ± 0.1 °C. The shear rate ramp program included a 1 min ramp-up period from 0 to 100 s−1, 1 min constant shear rate period at 100 s−1, and 1 min ramp-down from 100 to 0 s−1. Representative mathematical models were fitted to flow curves [46 (link)]. The best fitting model was selected based on the correlation coefficient (observed vs. predicted) and chi-square value. Equation (7) shows the Cross model. Steady-state viscosity (η, Pa.s) was determined from the constant shear section at 100 s−1.
where η is the dynamic viscosity (Pa·s), τ is the shear stress (Pa), η0 is the zero-shear rate viscosity, η∞ is the infinity shear rate viscosity γ, is the shear rate (1/s).
where η is the dynamic viscosity (Pa·s), τ is the shear stress (Pa), η0 is the zero-shear rate viscosity, η∞ is the infinity shear rate viscosity γ, is the shear rate (1/s).
7
Rheological Characterization of Gels
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For rheological studies, gels with or without drug were formed in 7 cm diameter glass Petri dishes to form a total volume of 27 mL. Prepared gels were always kept at room temperature overnight before study. The rheological characterization of each formulation was performed by using a Haake Rheostress1 rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany) connected to a temperature controlled Thermo Haake Phoenix II + Haake C25P and equipped with a parallel plate geometry (Haake PP60 Ti, 60 mm diameter, 3 mm gap between plates).
8
Characterization and Stability of K. galanga Hydrogel
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The appearance and homogeneity of the hydrogel formulations containing K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion were visually observed. The best formulation was inspected to characterize for the pH, viscosity, rheology, and physical stability. The pH of the hydrogels was determined using a pH meter (Orion model 320, Thermo Electron Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA). The viscosity and rheology of hydrogels were measured using a Thermo Scientific HAAKE RheoStress 1 rheometer with a plate and plate geometry (Waltham, MA, USA) (1.0 mm gap, 60 mm diameter). The hydrogel’s temperature was set to 25 °C. The shear rate ranged from 0.5 to 100 s1 with a frequency of 1 Hz.
Heating-cooling cycles were used to conduct an accelerated stability study of K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion-based hydrogel. The test was completed in 12 days (six cycles) [60 (link)]. In each cycle, the freshly prepared microemulsion-based hydrogel was stored at 4 °C for 24 h and 45 °C for another 24 h. For the accelerated stability study, the hydrogel was stored at 4, 30, and 45 °C for 90 days. After completing heating/cooling cycles and at days 0, 30, 60, and 90, hydrogels were observed for pH, viscosity, and rheology.
Heating-cooling cycles were used to conduct an accelerated stability study of K. galanga rhizome oil microemulsion-based hydrogel. The test was completed in 12 days (six cycles) [60 (link)]. In each cycle, the freshly prepared microemulsion-based hydrogel was stored at 4 °C for 24 h and 45 °C for another 24 h. For the accelerated stability study, the hydrogel was stored at 4, 30, and 45 °C for 90 days. After completing heating/cooling cycles and at days 0, 30, 60, and 90, hydrogels were observed for pH, viscosity, and rheology.
9
Rheological Characterization of Alginate-HA Hydrogel
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The rheological properties of the Alginate-HA hydrogel containing 2% KT were determined by a rotational Haake RheoStress 1 rheometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany) equipped with cone-plate geometry (Haake C60/2° Ti, 60 mm diameter, 0.105 mm gap between cone-plate). Measurements were performed in duplicate at 25 °C (Thermo Haake Phoenix II + Haake C25P). An oscillatory study was carried out, for which a stress sweep of 0 to 500 Pa, at 1 Hz, was first performed to determine the linear viscolastic zone. For the following test, the shear was set at a value between 0.4 and 100 Pa (linear zone), and 10 Pa was chosen to perform the Frequency Sweep test, which allows how the product behaves at low and high frequencies to be determined and recorded.
For the rotational study, the program was adjusted to the following conditions: ramp-up from 0 to 15.0 s−1 for 3 min, constant shear rate at 15.0 s−1 for 1 min, and ramp-down from 15.0 to 0 s−1 for 3 min. The flow data obtained were fitted to different mathematical models (Table A2 ) to describe the flow curve and characterize the flow properties.
For the rotational study, the program was adjusted to the following conditions: ramp-up from 0 to 15.0 s−1 for 3 min, constant shear rate at 15.0 s−1 for 1 min, and ramp-down from 15.0 to 0 s−1 for 3 min. The flow data obtained were fitted to different mathematical models (
10
Viscoelastic Properties of Collagen-Based Suspensions
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Collagen suspensions were prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and were mixed with either 10 µM DPEGAL or 25 mM glucose. Also, the same mixtures were prepared in addition to 10 mM carnosine treatment and incubated for 48 h at 37 C°. The elastic moduli of these collagen suspensions were measured at ω = 1.193 Hz using HAAKE™ RheoStress™ 1 Rheometer (Thermo Scientific) that utilizes HAAKE™ RheoWin3 software. The samples were poured between the bottom and the top plates and then a dynamic strain sweep to determine the linear viscoelastic range and the small amplitude oscillatory shear (SOAS) measurements were performed at a frequency ranging between 0.0895 Hz and 15.92 Hz.
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