Rtp 300 rc

The particle morphologies and sizes of the as-prepared Si particles and GR-encapsulated Si were characterized using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM; FEI, Sirion), a transmission electron microscope (TEM; JEOL, JEM-ARM200F), and a particle size analyzer (PSA, Mastersizer 2000, Malvern). The size distribution of the as-recovered Si particles was also determined from SEM micrographs by counting over 200 particles. The elemental composition of the samples was measured by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP/MS; PerkinElmer DRCII). The composition and crystallinity of the sludge powders were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD; Rigaku, RTP 300 RC).

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM; JEOL, JEM-ARM200F) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM; FEI, Sirion) were used to investigate morphological properties of the electrode materials. The crystalline structures of the prepared materials were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD; Rigaku, RTP 300 RC) with Cu Ka radiation source. Specific surface areas of KTO NP/PGC composites were analyzed by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (TriStar 3000, Micromeritics Instrument Corp., Communications Drive, Norcross, GA, USA) using an auto-nitrogen adsorption instrument.

The morphologies and elemental composition of the as-prepared Pt/GR composite were observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM; JEM-ARM200F, JEOL, Japan) and an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS; Quantax 400, Bruker, UK). The crystallinity of the Pt/GR composite was analyzed with X-ray diffractometry (XRD; RTP 300 RC, Rigaku, Japan). Raman spectra were obtained using a Raman spectrometer (Dimension-P1, Lambda Solution, Inc., USA) with an argon-ion continuous-wave laser (532 nm) as the excitation source. The specific surface area (SSA) of the samples was measured using a nitrogen adsorption analyzer (BET; Tristar 3000, Micromeritics, USA). As-prepared samples were first degassed in the sample degas system (VacPrep 061, Micromeritics, USA) at 200 °C for 4 h prior to the analysis. The SSA was calculated using the multipoint BET method on six points of the adsorption isotherm in the relative pressure (P/P₀) range from 0.05 to 0.330 . The thermos gravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted to measure the Pt contents in the composites at a temperature range from 25 to 800 °C with a heating rate of 5 °C min⁻¹ under air (DTG-60H, Shimadzu, Japan).