Nano zs zen3690

UV-Vis: An Agilent Cary 60 UV/Visible Spectrometer was used to measure the UV-Vis absorption spectra. Fluorescence measurement: The fluorescence of NPs was measured by an Agilent Cary Eclipse Fluorescence Spectrophotometer. Particle size measurement: the particle size of NPs was determined by Nano-ZS ZEN3690 (Malvern Instruments) in PBS buffer at 25 °C. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images: TEM was imaged by a FEI Tecnai G2 12 TEM instrument at an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. 1% (w/v) phosphotungstic acid solution was used to stain the samples. Zeta measurement: The Zeta potential of NPs was measured by Nano-ZS ZEN3690 (Malvern Instruments) at 25 °C.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (JEOL Ltd, Japan) was used to analyze the morphology of CDs. A Nano ZS/ZEN3690 (Malvern, UK) was employed to investigate the particle size distribution. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra were recorded from a Cary 660 FT-IR Spectrometer (Agilent, USA). The UV absorption spectra and the fluorescent spectra were respectively recorded using a U-3900 spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Japan) and the fluorescence spectrophotometer F-4600 (Hitachi, Japan). A Kratos AXIS Ultra DLD X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (Shimadzu, Japan) was used to analyze the surface characterization.

NHS-PEG-DSPE (PD, 1.36 mg), TMTP1-PEG-DSPE (TPD, 0.64 mg), 2,6-Bis(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-4,8-bis((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene 1,1,5,5-tetraoxide (TB, 0.8 mg), and 4'-fluoroisoflavanone (KBU2046, 0.8 mg) were simultaneously dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution (1 mL). Sonicator with a microtip probe was used to stir the aforesaid solution for 5 min at 10 W. The mixed solution was added into the water, whereafter, the organic solvent THF in the mixed solution was blown dry with nitrogen. The solution was then filtered via a 0.2 μm filter membrane to get targeted nanoparticles. Nano-ZS ZEN3690 (Malvern Instruments) was used to detect the particle size at 25 °C. Particle size was measured in PBS buffer.