Luria bertani broth and agar

The used P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain was donated by the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University. Microbiological media, Mueller Hinton (MH) broth, Tryptone soya broth (TSB) and agar, and Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and agar were purchased from Oxoid (Hampshire, UK). All chemicals were of pharmaceutical grade. Sotolon, and elastin Congo red dye were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA).
To show the anti-virulence activities of Sotolon, a single pure colony of PAO1 was selected and grown OVN with shaking to O.D600 0.4, which equivalates to approximately 1 × 10⁶ CFU/mL. Then, the bacterial suspensions were added to suitable media (according to each experiment) with Sotolon in sub-MIC, or control without Sotolon. Our results were normalized in all of the experiments by using a fixed bacterial inoculum size (1 × 10⁶ CFU/mL).
According to a Sotolon supplier, it was provided as 10 wt.% in propylene glycol. To exclude any effect of propylene glycol, we treated the PAO1 strain with propylene glycol in equivalent concentrations to those used with Sotolon (1/4 or 1/8 MIC). It is worthy to mention that propylene glycol in the used concentrations did not have any significant influence on bacterial growth or bacterial virulence (data not shown).

The used P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain was obtained from the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University. Microbiological media, Mueller Hinton (MH) broth, Tryptone soya broth (TSB) and agar, and Luria Bertani (LB) broth and agar were purchased from Oxoid (Hampshire, UK). All chemicals were of pharmaceutical grade.
For each experiment, caraway oil was solubilized in the media of interest using 2% Tween-20 in sub-MIC. Control groups from bacterial culture were prepared without caraway oil in presence and absence of the solubilizing agent (Tween-20).

All microbiological media, Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and agar, Mueller Hinton (MH) broth and agar, and Tryptone soya broth (TSB) were obtained from Oxoid (Hampshire, UK). P. aeruginosa PAO1 (ATCC BAA-47-B1), C. violaceum CV026 (ATCC 31532) and S. enterica serovar typhimurium (NCTC 12023) were used in this study. β-blockers atenolol, esmolol, and metoprolol (CAS Numbers: 29122-68-7, 81161-17-3 and 56392-17-7, respectively) were ordered from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All the chemicals used were of pharmaceutical grade.

P. aeruginosa PAO1 (ATCC BAA-47-B1) and C. violaceum CV026 (ATCC 31532) were employed in this study. Terazosin α-blockers (CAS numbers: 63074-08-8) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Luria–Bertani (LB) broth and agar, tryptone soya broth (TSB), and Mueller–Hinton (MH) broth and agar were obtained from Oxoid (Hampshire, UK). The chemicals were of pharmaceutical grade.

A total number of 11 L. monocytogenes isolates collected from the blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients diagnosed with invasive listeriosis in Ancona province (Italy) from 2014 to 2016 were investigated in the study (Table 1). The 2015 and 2016 isolates had already been characterized in terms of antibiotic resistance phenotype and molecular typing/genetic relatedness (Marini et al., 2016 (link)).
Blood agar base (BAB) supplemented with 5% sheep blood, Müller-Hinton agar (MHA) supplemented with 5% sheep blood, Müller-Hinton cation-adjusted broth (CAMHB) supplemented with 3% laked sheep blood, brain heart infusion (BHI) agar and broth, Tryptone Soya Broth (TSB), and Luria Bertani (LB) agar and broth (all from Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) were used in the study. Isolates were maintained in glycerol at −70°C and subcultured twice on BAB before testing.

All the chemicals used were of pharmaceutical grade. Mueller Hinton (MH) agar and broth, Luria–Bertani (LB) agar and broth, Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA), and Tryptone soy broth (TSB) were purchased from Oxoid (Hampshire, UK). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) medium, DL-norepinephrine hydrochloride (CAS Number: 55-27-6), and N-hexanoyl-DL-homoserine lactone AHL (CAS Number: 106983-28-2) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (NCTC 12023) and Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 (ATCC 31532) were used in this work.