2 4 6 tris 2 pyridyl 1 3 5 triazine

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Escherichia coli O127:B8), 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Folin–Ciocalteu′s phenol reagent, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), gallic acid, catechin, sodium nitroprusside, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), and Trolox were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and 12-molybdo(VI) phosphoric acid b-hydrate were obtained from Junsei Chemical Co. (Tokyo, Japan). Anti-COX-2, iNOS, and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit secondary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-IL-1β, CAT, CAT, SOD-2, and HRP-conjugated anti-mouse secondary antibodies were acquired from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). All other reagents are of analytical grade.

All solvents used for the extraction procedures were of analytical grade and purchased from J.T. Baker (PA, USA). The CO₂ that was used for SFE extraction was 99.97% (w/w) pure and obtained from Messer (Osijek, Croatia). Standard flavonoids were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France). The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent as well as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH^•) and gallic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Ferrous sulphate, CuCl₂·2H₂O, ammonium acetate, neocuproine (2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) hydrochloride, (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate radical cation (ABTS^•+), potassium persulphate, acetic acid, ferric chloride, CuSO4·5H₂O, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), CH₃COONa·3H₂O were obtained from Merck-Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy).

The chemicals, including phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiozol-2-yl)-3,5-dipheryl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), fetal bovine serum (FBS), glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), and ascorbic acid, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and penicillin-streptomycin (PS) were purchased from Gibco-Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Fruits of MA were purchased from Sununsan Nonghyup, Jeonnam, Korea. The MAS was obtained as a gift from Gochang Whangto Bokbunja, Jeonnam, Korea. Mulberry fruits under investigation were identified by staff members of Natural Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Korea.

Caffeine, allopurinol, acetaminophen-glucuronide, acetaminophen-sulphate, high purity trifluoroacetic acid, salicyluric acid, 3-phenyl butyric acid, N,N-diethyl-paraphenylenediamine (DEPPD), sodium acetate, ammonium acetate, hydrogen peroxide, 2-acetamidophenol, 2,3 and 2,5 dihydroxy benzoic acid, catechol, N,O Bis(trimethylsilyl)fluoro acetamide (BSTFA), trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS), hydrochloric acid, sodium sulfate, pyridine, 2,4,6-tris-2-(pyridyl)- 1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), Ferri Chloride (FeCl₃·6H₂O), and metaphosphoric acid (MPA) were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (now Merck). Acetaminophen-mercapturate was supplied by Toronto Research Chemicals. HPLC grade acetonitrile, methanol, and water was supplied by Burdick & Jackson. Ferrous sulphate was supplied by Labchem. Ethyl acetate and diethyl ether, formic acid, acetic acid, and butanoic HCL were purchased from Merck. Carnitine and acylcarnitine reference standards and deuterated analogues were obtained from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories. GSH/GSSG-412 assay kits were purchased from Aoxre Bio-Sciences.

Urolithin A (3,8-dihydroxyurolithin) (Figure 1) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (TRC, Toronto, ON, Canada). Neuro-2a (N2a) cell line was provided from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA), while Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), Tris, galantamine, levodopa (l-DOPA), tyramine, horseradish peroxidase, 2,2′-azobis(2-methyl-propionamidine)-di-hydrochloride (AAPH), hydrogen peroxide (30% w/w), 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), 2′,7′-dichloro-dihy-drofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetra-methylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), bovine serum albumin (BSA), vanillic acid, 4-aminoantipyrine, penicillin, streptomycin, tyrosinase, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), bicinchoninic acid (BCA), and pyrogallol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Clorgyline and α-kojic were from Cymit química (Barcelona, Spain). Na₂CO₃, HCl, NaCl, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), MeOH, and potassium phosphate were supplied from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were acquired from Gibco (Invitrogen, Paisley, UK).

The roots of S. miltiorrhiza were purchased in the local market in Seoul, Korea, in June 2017. All solvents for extraction were of Low Particulate grade and purchased from SK Chemicals (Ulsan, Korea). Glucose, gallic acid, quercetin dihydrate, the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride, anthrone, sulfuric acid, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 2,2-diphenyl-1-hydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium carbonate, potassium acetate, ascorbic acid, and iron (III) chloride hexahydrate were purchased from Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Methanol was purchased from Burdick & Jackson (Ulsan, Korea). Malt extract broth and brain heart infusion (BHI) were purchased from Difco (Sparks, MD, USA), and tryptic soy broth (TSB) was purchased from MB cell (Seoul, Korea).