Photocatalytic measurements of the produced thin-film photocatalysts were performed using Orange G dyestuff. In the experimental system, a batch reactor with light isolation was used. The reactor medium was kept constant temperature with a water circulator. An air pump was used to provide the saturated O2 concentration in the reactor. The effect of initial dye concentrations (20, 30, 35 and 40 ppm), temperatures (20, 30, 40 and 50 °C) and light intensities (44, 88 and 132 W/m2) were investigated in the experiment for each thin film photocatalysts. The Orange G dye concentrations at different times were measured by using UV-vis spectrophotometer at 474 nm (Evolution 500, Thermo). The experiments were repeated in the dark medium to determine whether the dye removal was due to adsorption. It is observed that the dye decomposition was only due to photocatalytic degradation because the significant changes in dye concentration were not occurred in the dark medium experiments. The stability of produced thin film photocatalysts was determined with repetitive experiments.
Evolution 500
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United States
The Evolution 500 is a high-performance UV-Visible spectrophotometer designed for a wide range of laboratory applications. It features advanced optics and a robust design to provide accurate and reliable measurements.
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Lab products found in correlation
J 815, by Jasco (2 mentions)
Fp 8500, by Jasco (1 mentions)
Sensifast sybr fluorescein kit, by Meridian Bioscience (1 mentions)
Nuclease free water, by Promega (1 mentions)
Oligo dt primer, by Promega (1 mentions)
Iq5 pcr machine, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions)
Rneasy mini kit, by Qiagen (1 mentions)
M mlv reverse transcriptase, by Promega (1 mentions)
Rnasin, by Promega (1 mentions)
Dntp mix, by Promega (1 mentions)
Chirascan plus, by Applied Photophysics (1 mentions)
μautolab 3, by Metrohm (1 mentions)
Palmsens3, by PalmSens (1 mentions)
6 protocols using evolution 500
1
Photocatalytic Degradation of Orange G
2
Spectroscopic Characterization of Samples
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Absorption and CD spectra were recorded using an Evolution 500 dual-beam spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, United States) and a J-815 (Jasco, Japan) spectropolarimeter in the visible range, at room temperature, with spectral bandwidth of 1.5 nm and 3 nm, respectively. The absorbance of the samples was 0.4 at the red maximum in a 1-cm pathlength cuvette. Synchrotron-radiation UV CD spectra were recorded at the B23 CD beamline of the Diamond synchrotron (United Kingdom). Fluorescence emission spectra in the visible range were measured from the same samples, at room temperature, on a FP-8500 (Jasco, Japan) spectrofluorometer.
3
RNA Isolation and qPCR Analysis
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The total RNA was isolated from extracted cells using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD) and quantified with a ultraviolet spectrophotometer (Evolution 500, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, NY).
The first strand of complementary DNA was synthesized from 1 mg of RNA with oligo-dT primers, M-MLV reverse transcriptase, dNTP mix, RNasin, and nucleasefree water (all reagents from Promega, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using the SensiFAST SYBR Fluorescein Kit (Bioline, Singapore). The PCR amplification and measurement were conducted in an iQ5 PCR machine (Bio-rad, Singapore) for 2 minutes of denaturation at 958C, and 40 cycles of denaturation at 958C for 10 seconds, and annealing/extension at 608C for 30 seconds. All gene primers used in this study are listed in Table 2.
The first strand of complementary DNA was synthesized from 1 mg of RNA with oligo-dT primers, M-MLV reverse transcriptase, dNTP mix, RNasin, and nucleasefree water (all reagents from Promega, Madison, WI) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using the SensiFAST SYBR Fluorescein Kit (Bioline, Singapore). The PCR amplification and measurement were conducted in an iQ5 PCR machine (Bio-rad, Singapore) for 2 minutes of denaturation at 958C, and 40 cycles of denaturation at 958C for 10 seconds, and annealing/extension at 608C for 30 seconds. All gene primers used in this study are listed in Table 2.
4
Absorption and CD Spectroscopy Measurements
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Absorption spectra were recorded using an Evolution 500 dual-beam spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, USA). CD spectra in the visible region were recorded with a J-815 (Jasco, Japan) and a Chirascan Plus (Applied Photophysics, UK) spectropolarimeters. Absorption and CD spectra were recorded with spectral bandwidth of 1 nm and 3 nm, respectively. Measurements were carried out at room temperature. The samples were diluted in buffer to an absorbance of ca.
5
Photoelectrochemical Measurements Protocols
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The electrochemical measurements were conducted using a μAutolab III (Metrohm-Autolab BV) instrument. Data for calibration curves were obtained using PalmSens3 (PalmSens BV) instrument. Ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectra were measured using an Evolution 500 double-beam spectrophotometer equipped with RSA-UC-40 DR-UV integrated sphere (Thermo Electron Corporation) or a Cary 5000 instrument.
A diode laser pointer operating at 655 nm (Roithner Lasertechnik, Austria) was adjusted to 30 mW power using a light power meter. A power supply was programmed to switch on and off the light beam at given time intervals.
A diode laser pointer operating at 655 nm (Roithner Lasertechnik, Austria) was adjusted to 30 mW power using a light power meter. A power supply was programmed to switch on and off the light beam at given time intervals.
6
Cobalt-60 Gamma Irradiation of PAC Hydrogel Dosimeters
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A 60Co Gamma Cell (GC) model GC-220 Excel (MDS, Nordion, Canada) was used to irradiate PAC hydrogel dosimeters with absorbed doses of water ranging from 0 Gy to 100 Gy. A specially designed polystyrene holder was utilized to achieve an electronic equilibrium during irradiation. The dose rate as determined by the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in England was ≈ 1.0 kGy/h. It was measured using alanine dosimeters of the NPL (dose rate is traceable to NPL, a primary laboratory).
The γ-rays unexposed and exposed silver nitrate hydrogel dosimeters were analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer model Evolution 500 (Thermo Electron Corporation, Winsford, UK.) to various absorbed doses. This spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorptions spectra in the wavelength interval of 350–750 nm with steps of 2 nm. The optical absorbance at a fixed wavelength of 453 nm was chosen to evaluate the optical dose–response of PAC hydrogel dosimeters. Three dosimeters of each set were irradiated for each dose value.
The hydrogel responses are established with optical absorbance variation (net absorbance), ∆A = Ai − A0, where Ai and A0 are the absorbances at 453 nm for the unirradiated and irradiated hydrogel dosimeter, respectively.
The γ-rays unexposed and exposed silver nitrate hydrogel dosimeters were analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer model Evolution 500 (Thermo Electron Corporation, Winsford, UK.) to various absorbed doses. This spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorptions spectra in the wavelength interval of 350–750 nm with steps of 2 nm. The optical absorbance at a fixed wavelength of 453 nm was chosen to evaluate the optical dose–response of PAC hydrogel dosimeters. Three dosimeters of each set were irradiated for each dose value.
The hydrogel responses are established with optical absorbance variation (net absorbance), ∆A = Ai − A0, where Ai and A0 are the absorbances at 453 nm for the unirradiated and irradiated hydrogel dosimeter, respectively.
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