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Nucleopore track etch membrane

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The Nucleopore Track-Etch Membrane is a polymer-based membrane filter used for filtration and separation applications in research and industrial settings. It is made by bombarding a thin polymer film with heavy charged particles, which create uniform, straight-through pores of precise and controllable size. The membrane is designed to provide high flow rates, good particle retention, and consistent performance across a variety of applications.

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36 protocols using nucleopore track etch membrane

1

Neutrophil Chemotaxis Assay with WJ-MSC Conditioned Media

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Neutrophil migration assay was followed by Boyden chamber chemotaxis assay. Neutrophils were collected as previously described [26 (link)]. Conditioned media from WJ-MSCs loaded Hemocollagene® foam cultured for 4, 7, and 10 days were deposited on the lower compartment, whereas 5 × 104 neutrophils were seeded on a polycarbonate membrane (5 μm pores, Nucleopore Track-etch membrane, Whatman, Maidstone, UK) in the upper compartment. After 45 min of incubation at 37 °C in 5% CO2, non-migrating neutrophils were removed from the top of the membrane and migrated cells at the bottom were stained with May-Grünwald Giemsa (RAL555 kit) and imaged (Axiovert 200M microscope, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany, Objective × 40). Conditioned media from cell-free Hemocollagen® foam cultured for 4, 7, and 10 days were used as control.
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2

Ex Vivo Axonal Degeneration Protocol

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To study axonal degeneration ex vivo, sciatic nerves were dissected from adult WT and ApoD-KO mice (n = 3/genotype), and their epineurium was removed. Nerve segments of ~5 mm were incubated on a Nucleopore Track-Etch Membrane (Whatman) in 4-well dishes containing 500 μL of DMEM with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 1% L-Glutamine and 1% P/S solution (Penicillin 10 U/μL, Streptomycin 10 μg/μL,). Explants were cultured at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 7 days, with a change of medium every 2 days. At day 7, the medium was removed and the nerves were washed with PBS before freezing them at −80°C.
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3

Comprehensive Water Quality Analysis

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For chemical analysis, 20 ml of the water samples were filtered through a 0.2 μm Whatman® nucleopore track-etch membrane, and the concentration of phosphorous was determined by the colorimetric method with ascorbic acid (AOAC, 1980 ), using a spectrophotometer (Espectro Max Plus, model 384, Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, United States). The remaining unfiltered water samples were sent to the Laboratorio Universitario de Nanotecnología Ambiental (Mexico City) where total nitrogen (N) and carbon (TC) were determined using high temperature platinum catalyzed combustion (TOC-L CSH/CSN Shimadzu, Japan). Total inorganic carbon (IC) was analyzed using the same method, after acidification of the samples with 1 M HCl, and total organic carbon (OC) was calculated as TC-IC.
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4

Preparation of POPC and POPS Liposomes

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1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-L-serine] (POPS) were purchased as chloroform solutions from Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc (#850457C and #840034C). Lipids were first mixed (POPS/POPC molar ratio 2 to 1) and then dried under a gentle nitrogen flow to form a thin layer of lipid film and kept in a desiccator overnight at room temperature. The film was later resuspended in buffer (20 mM HEPES, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) to a final concentration of 15 mg/ml. After 10 cycles of freeze-and-thaw, lipid vesicles were extruded through a 1.0 μm Nucleopore Track-Etch Membrane (Whatman, #800319) back and forth for 21 times using glass syringes.
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5

Preparation of Dye-Loaded Lipid Vesicles

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LUVs composed of the same lipid mixtures as the GUVs were prepared according to general procedures with slight modifications, as outlined below. Briefly, phospholipids dissolved in chloroform were dried under N2 flow in a round bottom flask. The lipid film was completely dried under vacuum for at least 3 h and afterwards hydrated either with 10 mM phosphate buffer containing 150 mM NaF for binding experiments, or with ANTS 5 mM and DPX 8 mM both prepared in HEPES buffer for the requenching assay. In both preparations the final lipid concentration was ∼10 mM. The suspension was submitted to two extrusion steps using an Avanti Mini-Extruder (Avanti Polar Lipids) and double-stacked polycarbonate membrane (Nucleopore Track-etch Membrane; Whatman, Florham Park, NJ): first, 6 times through 0.4 μm and then 11 times through 0.1 μm membranes. The dye-entrapped LUVs were separated from unencapsulated fluorophores by gel filtration on a Sephadex G25M column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ). Vesicles were used within 48 h of preparation. The lipid concentrations were determined by phosphorus analysis (13 (link)).
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6

Mixed Polymer Micelle Preparation

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Mixed small micelles were prepared by passing the assemblies formed by the above-described film hydration method through the membrane extrusion filter. Typically, 100 μL of PBD-b-PEO-b-DNA (DMSO, 4 μM) solution was mixed with 35 μL of PBD46-b-PEO30 solution (CHCl3, 0.4 mg/mL) for mixed assemblies with 10 mol% DNA block copolymer content or with 38 μL of PBD46-b-PEO30 solution (CHCl3, 0.04 mg/mL) for mixed assemblies with 50 mol% DNA block copolymer contents. For PS-b-PEO-b-DNA assemblies, 133 μL of PS-b-PEO-b-DNA (DMSO, 3 μM) solution was mixed with 35 μL of PS48-b-PEO46 solution (CHCl3, 0.74 mg/mL) or 38 μL of PS48-b-PEO46 (CHCl3, 0.074 mg/mL) solution for binary assemblies containing 10 mol% or 50% DNA block copolymers, respectively. The mixture was placed into a glass vial and the solvent was evaporated under vacuum for at least 6 h. Then, 100 μL of 0.1 M PBS buffer (100 mM NaCl, 10 mM phosphate buffer pH=7.17) was added to the polymer film in the vial. The solution was vortexed, frozen and thawed 5 times before the extrusion. Finally, the samples were extruded 38 times through Whatman Nucleopore tracketch membrane with the pore size of 400 nm.
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7

Chemotaxis and Chemo-invasion Assay

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The cell lines were tested for their ability to migrate through a Nucleopore Track-Etch Membrane (pore size 8 μm, Whatman International), coated with Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix for chemo-invasion, using Boyden chambers. We added 05 to 2 x 104 cells, re-suspended in DMEM culture medium with 0.1% FBS, to each well of the upper chamber for chemotaxis and chemo-invasion tests; DMEM+0.1% FBS (control wells) or 3T3 cell line supernatant (chemo-attractive agent) were added to the lower chamber. The chambers were incubated at 37°C overnight, then the cells from the upper side of the filter were removed and filters were fixed in methanol and stained for nuclear and cytoplasmic detection. Cells that had migrated the lower side of the filters were quantified by brightfield microscopy using a 40× objective, and the average number of cells per field was calculated.
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8

Ethanol-Free Liposome Preparation Protocol

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Ethanol-free liposomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method. Briefly, DPPC and CHOL were dissolved in chloroform and put into a round flask. The organic solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure (80 mbar) at 50 °C and 100 rpm for 1 h using a rotatory evaporator (RII, Buchi). The lipid film was rehydrated with MilliQ® water for 1 h at 50 °C, leading to the formation of multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes were extruded then 6 times through 0.1-μm polycarbonate membranes (Nucleopore Track-Etch Membrane, Whatman®, Maidstone, UK) to obtain unilamellar vesicles. The reproducibility data of size, polydispersity index (PDI) and ζ-potential values of liposomes prepared by both methods are listed in Table S2. Liposomal dispersions were stored at 4 °C until use.
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9

Matrigel-based Invasion Assay for Cells

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Invasive potential through reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) was assayed as described previously.13 Briefly, in a Transwell Boyden chamber, a polycarbonate filter with 8‐μm pore size (Nucleopore Track‐Etch Membrane; Whatman, Clifton, NJ, USA) was precoated with 1.25 μg fibronectin or laminin (Iwaki Glass Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) on the lower surface and with 5 μg Matrigel on the upper surface of the filters. Cells pretreated with rCTGF or siCTGF (3 × 104 cells/100 μL/well) were added to the upper compartment, and incubated at 37°C for 6.5 h. The filters were fixed and stained with H&E. For detection of EGFP+‐invaded cells, filters were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and mounted by VECTASHIELD with DAPI (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). The invaded cells were counted manually under a microscope at ×100 magnification or a fluorescence microscope at ×50 magnification.
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10

Lipid Vesicle Preparation and Characterization

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Lipids were stored in chloroform at −20 °C. BODIPY-FL, NBD and Rho-B were purchased as a solid, suspended in chloroform at 1 mg/ml and added as 0.5% weight fraction (BODIPY-FL) or 2% (NBD or Rho-B) to lipids when indicated. Generally, 10 mg of lipid dissolved in chloroform was added to a glass vial and evaporated under a nitrogen stream followed by vacuum for 10 min. 1 ml of buffer A (100 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.4) was then added to the vial for 30 min to hydrate the lipid followed by thorough vortexing to resuspend the mixture. Vesicle formation was performed by extrusion with a 100, 200 and 800 nm pore size (Whatman Nucleopore Track Etch Membrane); with the sample passed between a filter 21 times using an extrusion system with two 1 ml syringes (Avanti extruder).
In this study, we used lipid mixtures prepared either from pure synthetic lipids or natural lipid extracts; mixtures of both types demonstrated similar results.
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