Sodium chloride (nacl)

For immunoblotting, cells were harvested using a cell lysis buffer and prepared with 2× Laemmli sample buffer (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Total protein quantity was measured using Bradford solution (Bio-Rad) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Then, the samples were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to a PVDF membrane (Bio-Rad). After blocking with a 4% skim milk (MBcell, Seoul, Korea) in TBST [25 mM Tris-base (GenDEPOT, Katy, TX, USA), 140 mM NaCl (GenDEPOT), and 0.05% Tween® 20 (Sigma)], the membrane was probed with the following primary antibodies: anti-LC3 and anti-ATG5 antibodies, purchased from NOVUS Biologicals (Centennial, CO, USA); anti-SQSTM1 and anti-p-TFEB antibodies, purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA); anti-GFP, anti-LAMP1, anti-P4HB, and anti-TOMM20 antibodies purchased from Santa Cruz (Dallas, TX, USA); anti-FTCD, and anti-ABCD3 antibodies purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK); anti-α-Actin (ACTA1) antibody, purchased from Sigma. For protein detection, the membranes were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology).

Cell lysates were prepared in 2× Laemmli sample buffer (1610737; Bio-Rad). Total protein quantity was measured using the Bradford dye (5000001; Bio-Rad) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The samples were then separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to a PVDF membrane (1620177; Bio-Rad). After blocking with 4% skim milk (BD Bioscience, 90002–594) prepared in TBST [Tris base (T9200; GenDEPOT, Baker, TX, USA), NaCl (G0610; GenDEPOT), and Tween^®® 20 (P7949; Sigma-Aldrich)], the membrane was incubated with the indicated primary antibodies. Anti-BRD4 (ab128874), anti-PEX10 (ab196827), and anti-phospho-ATM (ab81292) antibodies were purchased from Abcam; anti-LC3 (NB100-2220) antibody was purchased from NOVUS Biologicals (Centennial, CO, USA); anti-ATM (GTX70103) was purchased from GeneTex (Irvine, CA, USA); and anti-ACTA1 (MAB1501) was purchased from Sigma. For protein detection, membranes were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (7076S and 7074S; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA).

For the sugars and the synthesis of the boronic acid derivative, the same materials were used as in our previous report [17 (link)].
10 × PBS (1440 mg/dL KH₂PO₄, 9000 mg/dL NaCl, 4210 mg/dL Na₂HPO₄, pH 7.4) was purchased from GenDEPOT (Katy, TX, USA). Artificial human sweat was purchased from Biochemazone (Alrta, Canada). Screen-printed gold electrode (220BT) was purchased from Metrohm DropSens (Austrias, Spain). N-Ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), K₃[Fe(CN)₆], and K₄Fe(CN)6 · 3H₂O were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). H₂SO₄ (95%) was purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals (Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea). All chemicals were used as received without any further purification unless otherwise specified.