Fluoromate fs 2

Fluorescence spectroscopy was performed with a fluorescence spectrometer (FluoroMate FS-2, Scinco Co., Seoul, Republic of Korea). Intrinsic fluorescence emission spectra of freeze-thawed 1 mL enzyme solutions (16.6 units/mL) were recorded at 25 °C in a 10 mm optical path length quartz cuvette (Hellma Analytics, Müllheim, Germany). The excitation wavelength was 280 nm, and emission spectra were collected from 300–600 nm in 0.1-nm increments. The slit width for excitation and emission was 5 nm, and the photomultiplier tube voltage was set to 400 V.

Normal cuticle and stem parts and released matrix, fluoroMate FS-2 (Scinco Co. Seoul, Korea) were used to measure cuticle defects. To measure the fluorescence characteristics of each part of the fruit, samples were thinly cut and measured after placing the samples in circular cells made of a non-fluorescent substance as in Figure 1. A fluorophotometer measures fluorescence by measuring emitted photons at the detection wavelength. In this study, the fluorometer photo multiplier tube (PMT) was 700 volts and integration time was 20 msec. Excitation wavelengths from 200 nm to 665 nm were emitted by 150 W continuous xenon lamp and 5 nm intervals; emitted light from the sample was measured in 1 nm intervals from 225 nm to 700 nm. Relative Fluorescence Intensity (RFI) measured across these wavelengths was used to build an Excitation-Emission matrix (EEM).

The intrinsic fluorescence spectra were measured using a FluoroMate FS-2 (Scinco, Korea) fluorescence spectrometer in a 10 mm quartz cuvette. The excitation wavelength was set to 295 nm, and the emission spectra were recorded in the 310–400 nm range. The ex and em slit widths were set to 10 nm. The P9-EP4 in the APG was adjusted to 2 μM in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4 and 10% glycerol. The ligands (PGE2, ONO-AE3-208, L-902688) were also adjusted to 2 μM in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4 and 0.2% ethanol. All spectra were measured after preincubation for 15 min at ~20 °C and were corrected for buffer contributions.

After one week of initial treatment, five strawberry pots were placed in the growth chamber under the same treatment conditions for the EMEX matrix measurement. The leaf EMEX matrix was acquired using a spectrofluorometer (SCINCO, FluoroMate FS-2, Seoul, Republic of Korea) to explore changes in the chlorophyll spectrum during the strawberry growth period to build an optimal CFI system. The sample was then placed in a solid sample holder. Five leaf samples from four different pots were collected and measured using a spectrofluorometer for 15 days of observation with intervals of two days each. The excitation wavelength was set as 1 nm increments between 350 and 550 nm, and the emission wavelength was set as 1 nm increments between 600 and 800 nm. The spectral data obtained were processed with the Python 3.9 programming language.

All the chemicals were purchased from commercial sources, Sigma-Aldrich (Seoul, Korea), Alfa Aesar (Seoul, Korea), TCI (Tokyo, Japan), Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium), or Samchun Chemical (Seoul, Korea). The chemicals were used as received, without further purification. All reactions were done under an inert atmosphere using standard Schlenk techniques. The nature of synthesized materials was confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (500 MHz, Bruker); chemical shifts are reported in ppm (δ) relative to the DMSO-d₆ solvent residual peak (δ 2.50) and coupling constants (J) are expressed in Hz. Deuterated solvents were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Tweksbury, MA, USA). High-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were obtained on a JEOL JMS-700 using 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol as a matrix. UV–Vis absorption measurements were obtained on a UV-1800 (Shimadzu) spectrophotometer under ambient conditions (room temperature, air) with a 1.0 cm quartz cell. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements were performed on a FluoroMate Fs-2 (Scinco). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping spectrum were obtained by using FE-SEM JEOL-7100 after vacuum-drying of the piece of nitrile rubber on the grid.

The as-prepared powders were characterized by using a scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM: LEO SUPRA 55, Carl Zeiss), a transmission electron microscope (TEM: JEM-2100F, JEOL), an X-ray diffractometer (M18XHF-SRA, Mac Science), and a fluorescence spectrometer (FluoroMate FS-2, Scinco) attached with a temperature-controlled heating holder operated in the temperature range of 25–250 °C. The lifetime for the samples was measured by using a Photon Technology International (PTI, USA) fluorimeter attached to a phosphorimeter with a Xe-flash lamp (25-watt power). Internal quantum efficiency was measured with the help of a fluoromax-4 spectrofluorometer (Horiba, Jobin Yvon) with an integrating sphere.