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33 protocols using lc 2010cht

1

Quantifying Cellular Uptake of PRN-Loaded Nanocomposites

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To quantify the cellular uptake, cells were incubated with PRN-loaded nanocomposites (PRN solution, PRN-LDH nanoparticles, two different DS of GS in CG-GS-PRN-LDH or mixture of CG-GS and PRN solution) at a concentration of 2 μg/mL for 1, 2 and 4 h, respectively. Then the test samples were removed and the cells were washed with DPBS followed by trypsinization and disruption with lysis buffer for 1 h at 4°C. The lysate was then used to assay for PRN with a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and protein content assay (BCA assay kit; KeyGen BioTech, Nanjing, China). Cellular uptake was represented as the amount of PRN normalized with per mg of total cellular protein.
HPLC system employed in the study consisted of LC-2010CHT (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with an LC-2010CHT variable wavelength UV-vis detector (λdetection=230 nm). A Diamonsil® Plus-C18 column (4.6×150 mm, 5 μm) (Dikma, Beijin, China) was operated at 35°C. The mobile phase was composed of NaH2PO4-methanol-acetonitrile (7:2:1, v/v/v) and was pumped at a flow rate of 1 mL/min.
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2

Evaluating Encapsulation Efficiency of Baicalin-Loaded Nanoparticles

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LPHNPs dispersion was processed by Amicon centrifugal filters to evaluate the entrapment efficiency (EE) (Ultracel-0.5, 100 kDa, Milipore Corp., Mumbai, India) [14 (link),16 (link)]. This filtrate was analyzed to see how much drug was left unentrapped. The actual amount of drug encapsulated in the LPHNPs was evaluated by centrifuging a nanoparticle dispersion at high speed (15,000 rpm for 15 min) to obtain the pellet and then re-dispersing it in 5 mL ethanol for lysis to determine the amount of drug encapsulated in LPHNPs [16 (link)]. To do the HPLC (Shimadzu LC-2010CHT) analysis, the mixture was filtered and diluted to the proper concentration. In this study, a reverse-phase C18 column (10 µ, 4.6 mm by 250 mm) was used with a mobile phase involving phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) and acetonitrile (v/v) at a ratio of 3:1. The sample was examined at a wavelength of 460 nm with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The following is an equation that may be used to determine encapsulation efficiency and drug loading capacity.
EE (%)= Total quantity of BaicalinAUnbound Baicalin Tota weight of Baicalin added×100
LC (%)=Total amount of Baicalin encapsulated in LPHNPsTotal amount of LPHNPs  weight×100 
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3

Identification of Gallic Acid in Rhizomes

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The ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract of rhizomes of S. roxburghiana was subjected to reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) separation technique so as to identify the presence of gallic acid. Shimadzu HPLC instrument (LC-2010 CHT, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) was used which was equipped with quaternary low pressure gradient pumps, dual wavelength ultraviolet detector, SPD-M20A prominence photodiode array detector, degasser unit, column oven, and high throughput autosampler. LC Solution 5.57 software was used to monitor/control the chromatography system and process the obtained chromatograms. The separation of compound was achieved with a mobile phase consisting of orthophosphoric acid (1%v/v) and methanol in the ratio of 60:40%v/v. The mobile phase was flowed at a rate of 0.8 mL/min through Phenomenex Luna C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column. Sample stock solution of 1 mg/ml was prepared, and injection volume was 20 μL and the wavelength was set to 275 nm. detection wavelength was 280 nm, and identification of compounds was carried out by comparing with the retention time of compounds from active fraction and standard compounds.
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4

Cyclosporine A Exposure and Fetal Kidney Development

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The BALB/c mice (6–8 weeks old), weighing 20 ± 2g, were from the Animal Center of Sichuan University. One male and three females were housed in one cage for mating. Gestation day 0.5 was confirmed by vaginal plug. The pregnant mice were randomly divided into two groups. The CsA group (n = 6) was subcutaneously injected with CsA (10 mg·kg−1·d−1) on gestation days 10.5–16.5. The control group (n = 6) received daily subcutaneous injection of saline at the same volume. The pregnant mice were sacrificed on gestation day 17.5, and blood samples were collected to determine serum CsA concentration with high-performance liquid chromatography assay (LC-2010CHT, Shimadzu Corporation, Japan). The fetuses were removed and weighed, and both kidneys were removed. The right kidneys were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for histological assessment and the left kidneys were prepared for mRNA expression testing. Animal experiments were conducted according to the guidelines of Animal Care and Use Committee of Sichuan University (IACUC number: 20100318).
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5

5-HT Quantification in Hippocampus

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Hippocampus was homogenized in a mixture of 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 0.4 mM Na2S2O5 and 0.5M HCLO4, and spin at 12000 rpm (Eppendorf centrifuge 5702R) at 4°C. Supernatant was used for 5-HT estimation using high-pressure liquid chromatography (LC-2010CHT, Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) supplied with C18 column, electrochemical detector, glass carbon electrode, and reference and gold electrodes in terms of silver/silver chloride and auxiliary, respectively.
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6

ATP-related Compound Quantification by HPLC

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ATP and its related compounds were extracted according to the previous study[19] , which were measured by HPLC (LC-2010C HT, Shimadzu Corporation). The pH value of phosphate buffer as mobile phase was 6.5 and the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. The injection volume was 10 µL and selects 254 nm as the detection wavelength. The amounts of ATP-related compounds were defined and analyzed on the basis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), inosine monophosphate (IMP), hypoxanthine riboside (HxR), and hypoxanthine (Hx) standards (Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). Ki, K, and H values were determined as follow: Kvalue%=HxR+HxATP+ADP+AMP+IMP+HxR+Hx×100 Ki value (%)=HxR+HxIMP+HxR+Hx×100 H value (%)=HxIMP+HxR+Hx×100
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7

Ultrasound-Assisted Lipid Nanocarrier Formulation

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Ultrasound dispersion technique [11 (link)] was used to formulate LCDP loaded NLCs. Compritol® 888 ATO, oleic acid, and Lutrol® F68 were used as solid lipid, liquid lipid, and surfactant, respectively. Briefly, solid lipid was melted at 85°C using heating mantle (5 MLH-DX, Remi Equipments Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru) and liquid lipid was added to it. LCDP was further added to the above lipid mixture. Surfactant solution of 0.8% concentration was prepared by dissolving Lutrol® F68 in Milli Q water and was added at 85°C to melted lipid phase to form coarse emulsion. Resultant emulsion was sonicated at 60 Amplitude for 8 min at pulse of 5 seconds using ultrasonic processor (VC 130, Sonics and Materials Inc., USA). The resultant nanosuspension was cooled at 4°C (ice bath) to form NLCs. The NLCs were evaluated for the particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential using Zetasizer nano series (Nano-ZS ZEN 3600, Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK). Entrapment efficiency was determined after extracting the LCDP in isopropyl alcohol and estimating the drug content using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (LC 2010C HT, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan).
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8

Quantitative HPLC Drug Analysis

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The drug estimation was performed using gradient reverse phase HPLC17 (Shimadzu LC-2010 CHT) with pumps, a UV–visible-LC 2010 detector equipped with LC solution operating software. A Phenomenex C18 column (150 mm length, 4.6 mm internal diameter, and PS of 5 μm) was used as the stationary phase along with a guard column (4.0×3.0 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:sodium phosphate buffer (35:65, pH 6 with 0.1% of triethyl amine) was filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane filter and sonicated to remove air bubbles. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min with a detection wavelength of 210 nm and sample injection volume of 50 μL.
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9

Quantifying Liposomal Drug Entrapment Efficiency

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The entrapment efficiency of AGL and MCS-AGL formulation was determined by the direct method. The separation of the unentrapped drug from the AGL was done by ultracentrifugation at 22,000 rpm for 1 h at 4 °C. Later, the pellets were separated and lysed using methanol and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) [15 (link)]. The AG concentration was measured by the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Shimadzu LC-2010CHT installed with a quaternary gradient pump (low-pressure) including a UV detector, column oven, and autosampler. The separation process was performed on a Kromasil 5 μm (250 mm × 4.6 mm) C18 column. Acetonitrile and Water (pH 4 adjusted with GAA) (35:65% v/v) were used as the mobile phase at a 0.8 mL/min flow rate. The detection was performed at 223 nm. In order to analyze the AG concentration, a linear range of 0.1–20 μg/mL was used to derive the calibration curve. The LC solution 1.24 SP1 software was employed to interpret the chromatographic data. AG entrapment in the liposomes was determined using the following equation: Entrapment Efficiency=Drug obtained in pelletTotal drug added in the formulation×100
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10

Coordination of Thiophene Monomer Analyzed by ESI-MS

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The coordination of a thiophene monomer (1) and a metal ion was evaluated by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) using a Shimadzu LC2010CHT and a Shimadzu LCMS-2020 controlled by Shimadzu LabSolutions. The ESI-MS was operated in scan mode with interface potential of +4.5 kV, flow rate of nebulizer N2 gas of 1.5 L min−1, capillary temperature of 350 °C, and Qarray RF voltage of 60 V. Milli-Q water was used as an eluent.
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