Acarbose

Standards of the determined substances: acarbose, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin, were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
The reagents used in the conducted studies are as follows: α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG), α-glucosidase, acarbose, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-S-triazine) and Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃x6H₂O), Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, sodium carbonate, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ, C₁₈H₁₂N₆), iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃·6H₂O), Trolox, α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Methanol, isopropanol, and acetone (Super Purity Solvent, Methanol 215 SPS) were supplied by ROMIL Ltd., Cambridge, England.
High-quality pure and ultra-high-quality pure water were prepared using a Direct-Q 3 UV Merck Millipore (Burlington, MA, USA) purification system.

Different chemicals reagents used in this study were purchased from different chemical suppliers. Quercetin, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), α-amylase from procine pancreas (Type VI-B), Tyrosinase from mushroom, Lipase from procine pancreas (Type II), 4-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB), Orlistat, Acarbose, α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Type-I), p-Nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (p-NPG), Sodium carbonate, Kojic acid, l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-p-nitroanilide (AAAPVN), Porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE), Galantamine, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), Acetylcholine iodide, Butyrylcholine iodide, 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), Acetonitrile (LC-MS grade), Methanol (LC-MS grade), Formic acid (analytical grade), and Acarbose from Sigma-aldrich (USA). The 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) from HIMEDIA (India) and Sodium-potassium tartrate from Merc (Germany). Methanol, Sodium Hydroxide, Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and Starch from Fisher Scientific (India). Aluminum Chloride, Hexane and Gallic Acid from LOBA Chemie (India).

Vindoline was purchased from Best of Chemicals Sciences (Shirley, NY, USA; purity > 98%). The rat insulin and TNF-α Elisa kits were obtained from Biocom BioAfrica (Centurion, South Africa) while the diaminofluorescin-FM diacetate and dihhyroethidium fluorescence probes were purchased from the Thermofisher Scientific group (Waltham, MA, USA). The cell proliferation reagent WST-1, acarbose and all the solvents/chemicals used for plant extraction and antioxidant analysis were obtained from the Merck-group (Sigma Aldrich, Johannesburg, South Africa).