Diphtheria toxin

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom

Diphtheria toxin is a type of lab equipment used in scientific research. It is a protein produced by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The core function of diphtheria toxin is to inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, leading to cell death.

Automatically generated - may contain errors

Lab products found in correlation

Tamoxifen, by Merck Group (27 mentions) Corn oil, by Merck Group (10 mentions) Anti pd 1 clone rmp1 14, by BioXCell (5 mentions) C57bl 6, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (5 mentions) Dulbecco modified eagle medium (dmem), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) Anti cd4 clone gk1, by BioXCell (3 mentions) C57bl 6 mice, by Jackson ImmunoResearch (3 mentions) Anti ctla4 clone 9d9, by BioXCell (3 mentions) Rat igg2a clone 2a3, by BioXCell (3 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Bleomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Bleomycin, by BioXCell (3 mentions) Bleomycin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Anti pd l1, by BioXCell (3 mentions) Rat igg2b, by BioXCell (3 mentions) Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Mopc 21, by BioXCell (3 mentions) Anti mouse cd90.2 clone 30 h12, by BioXCell (2 mentions) Fetal calf serum (fcs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Human melanocyte growth supplement, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)

279 protocols using diphtheria toxin

Diphtheria Toxin-Mediated Ablation of LysM+ Cells

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Diphtheria toxin (Sigma; 322326) was dissolved in commercially available PBS to a concentration of 5 and 1 ng/µL. The toxin was then intraperitoneally injected once a day for 10 days, killing only the LysM⁺ cells expressing the inducible Diphtheria toxin receptor, as previously reported [5 (link)]. For the first 3 days, mice were injected at a dose of 25 ng/g of mouse weight. For the remaining 7 days, the dose was reduced to 5 ng/g. This protocol was adapted from a published protocol [32 (link), 68 (link)]. The time schedule of all treatments is shown in Fig. 1. The study protocol utilized four groups of age-matched male LysMCre^iDTR mice. Control (CTR, no noise exposure and no DTX treatment.), Noise (4 days of noise exposure), DTX (10 days of Diphtheria toxin treatment), and DTX + Noise (10 days of DTX treatment and 4 days of noise exposure).Fig. 1

Scheme for ablation of LysM⁺ cells and noise exposure. Male LysMCre^+/− iDTR^+/− (LysMCre^iDTR) mice were acclimatized to blood pressure measurement and baseline measurements were taken prior to treatment with Diphtheria toxin. DTX was administered daily via i.p. injection for 10 days, first at a dose of 25 ng/g and then reduced to a dose of 5 ng/g. On day 6, after sufficient ablation, mice were exposed to aircraft noise for 4 days. Created with BioRender.com

Frenis K., Helmstädter J., Ruan Y., Schramm E., Kalinovic S., Kröller-Schön S., Bayo Jimenez M.T., Hahad O., Oelze M., Jiang S., Wenzel P., Sommer C.J., Frauenknecht K.B., Waisman A., Gericke A., Daiber A., Münzel T, & Steven S. (2021). Ablation of lysozyme M-positive cells prevents aircraft noise-induced vascular damage without improving cerebral side effects. Basic Research in Cardiology, 116(1), 31.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Depletion of CD11b+ cells in mice

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Eight- to 10-week-old wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 (B6, H2^b) mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, Mass). MC^−/− (WBB6F1/J-Kit^W/Kit^W-v/J [Kit^W/Kit^W-v] and Kit^W-sh/HNihrJaeBsmJ [kit^Wsh/Kit^Wsh]), MHC class II^−/− (B6.129S-H2dlAb1-Ea), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP)^−/− (B6.129S6-Was^tm1Sbs/J), and CD11b-DTR (B6.FVB-Tg[ITGAM-DTR/EGFP]34Lan/J) mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me). Recombination-activating gene 2 (Rag2)^−/− γc^−/− (B10; B6-.Rag2^tmlFwaII2rg^tm1Wjl), Rag2^−/− , and 5C.C7 Rag2^−/− mice (both on B10.A background) were purchased from Taconic Biosciences (Albany, NY). For CD11b⁺ cell depletion with diphtheria toxin treatment, CD11b-DTR transgenic mice weighing 25 to 30 g were injected with diphtheria toxin (25 ng/g body weight; Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, Mo) 24 hours before and 72 hours after beginning NAD⁺ or PBS administration.

Biefer H.R., Heinbokel T., Uehara H., Camacho V., Minami K., Nian Y., Koduru S., Fatimy R.E., Ghiran L., Trachtenberg A.J., de la Fuente M.A., Azuma H., Akbari O., Tullius S.G., Vasudevan A, & Elkhal A. (2018). Mast cells regulate CD4+ T-cell differentiation in the absence of antigen presentation. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 142(6), 1894-1908.e7.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

PANC-1 Carcinoma Cell Culture

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

PANC-1 has been generated from a human carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas in 197529 (link), and was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA). PANC-1 cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) in a humidified chamber with 5% CO₂ at 37 °C. Diphtheria toxin (DT, Sigma-Aldrich) was freshly prepared and given to the cultured cells at a concentration of 40 nmol/l to specifically eliminate cells expressing diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR).

Song W., Li Q., Wang L., Huang W, & Wang L. (2015). FoxO1-negative cells are cancer stem-like cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Scientific Reports, 5, 10081.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Genetically Ablating Starburst Amacrine Cells

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

To genetically ablate starburst amacrine cells, we used Rosa-iDTR (+/−) × ChAT-IRES-Cre mice and control Rosa-iDTR (−/−) × ChAT-IRES-Cre mice (Figures S3A and S3B). Diphtheria toxin stock solution was made from Diphtheria toxin (D0564, Sigma), which was dissolved in PBS (1 μg/μl), and stored at −80°C. Immediately before the injection, the injection solution (1 ng/μl) was prepared by diluting the stock solution in PBS. First, we subretinally injected AAV-8BP/2-shortCAG.SF-iGluSnFR.A184S-WPRE-SV40p(A) to target T7 and T2 bipolar cells for glutamate imaging. Nine days later, 2 μl Diphtheria toxin was intravitreally injected into each of both eyes. The eyes were re-injected with the same amount of Diphtheria toxin two days after the initial injection.

Matsumoto A., Agbariah W., Nolte S.S., Andrawos R., Levi H., Sabbah S, & Yonehara K. (2021). Direction selectivity in retinal bipolar cell axon terminals. Neuron, 109(18), 2928-2942.e8.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Depletion and Checkpoint Blockade in Mice

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Mice were injected with 1 mg tamoxifen (Sigma) each day for 4 consecutive days. For diphtheria toxin-mediated cell depletion, 100 μg·kg⁻¹ of diphtheria toxin (Sigma) were injected intraperitoneally as indicated in the appropriate figure legends.
To deplete CD4⁺-TLs, mice were injected intraperitoneally with 250 μg anti-CD4 (clone GK1.5) or 250 μg isotype-matched control antibody (Rat IgG2b (clone LTF-2; both from BioXcell)) on Day 3 and Day 1 before tumour inoculation.
For immune checkpoint blockade therapy, 125 μg anti-CTLA-4 (clone 9D9) and 125 μg anti-PD-1 (clone RMP1-14), or the same amount of isotype-matched control antibody (mouse IgG2b (clone MPC-11) and rat IgG2a (clone 2A3; all from BioXcell)) were delivered into mice intraperitoneally on Day 1 and Day 8 post-tumour inoculation.

Tian L., Goldstein A., Wang H., Lo H.C., Kim I.S., Welte T., Sheng K., Dobrolecki L.E., Zhang X., Putluri N., Phung T.L., Mani S.A., Stossi F., Sreekumar A., Mancini M.A., Decker W.K., Zong C., Lewis M.T, & Zhang X.H. (2017). Mutual Regulation of Tumour Vessel Normalization and Immunostimulatory Reprogramming. Nature, 544(7649), 250-254.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Depletion and Checkpoint Blockade in Mice

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury Model

Cited 2 times

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Mice underwent intraperitoneal injection with 0.018 U·g⁻¹ bleomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific) or vehicle (PBS) twice weekly for 4 weeks (Pi et al., 2018 (link)). For diphtheria toxin studies, mice were injected intraperitoneally for three consecutive days with 100 ng of diphtheria toxin (Sigma Aldrich) before initiation of bleomycin protocol, with PBS injection used as control (Goren et al., 2009 (link)), and twice weekly thereafter. Euthanasia and data collection are performed 5 days after final injection of animal with vehicle or experimental agent (diphtheria toxin and bleomycin), Day 33 of the intraperitoneal bleomycin injection protocol. Anti‐PD‐L1 (500 μg, intraperitoneally) and rat IgG2b, both purchased from BioXcell, were administered on Day 0 and then once weekly for three additional doses (Celada et al., 2018 (link)) throughout bleomycin exposure.

Fu C., Lu Y., Williams M.A., Brantly M.L., Ventetuolo C.E., Morel L.M., Mehrad B., Scott E.W, & Bryant A.J. (2020). Emergency myelopoiesis contributes to immune cell exhaustion and pulmonary vascular remodelling. British Journal of Pharmacology, 178(1), 187-202.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis Model

Cited 1 time

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Mice underwent intraperitoneal injection with 0.018 U/g bleomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific) or vehicle (PBS) twice weekly for 4 weeks (Pi et al., 2018 (link)). For diphtheria toxin (DT) studies, mice were injected intraperitoneally for three consecutive days with 100 ng of diphtheria toxin (DT; SigmaAldrich) before initiation of bleomycin protocol, with PBS injection used as control (Goren et al., 2009 (link)), and twice weekly thereafter. Euthanasia and data collection are performed five days after final injection of animal with vehicle or experimental agent (DT and bleomycin), day 33 of the intraperitoneal bleomycin injection protocol. Anti-PD-L1 (500 μg, intraperitoneally) or rat IgG2b, both purchased from BioXcell, were administered on Day 0, then once weekly for three additional doses (Celada et al., 2018 ) throughout bleomycin exposure.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Neutrophil Depletion for Candida Infection

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Neutrophil depletion with diphtheria toxin: PMN^WT and PMN^DTR mice were i.p. injected with 500 ng of diphtheria toxin (Sigma) one day before and on the day of infection with C. albicans.

Jawale C.V., Ramani K., Li D.D., Coleman B.M., Oberoi R.S., Kupul S., Lin L., Prokopienko A.J., Desai J.V., Delgoffe G.M., Lionakis M.S., Bender F.H., Nolin T.D., Gaffen S.L, & Biswas P.S. (2020). Restoring glucose uptake rescues neutrophil dysfunction and protects against fatal bloodstream fungal infections in kidney disease. Science translational medicine, 12(548), eaay5691.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Treg Depletion in Melanoma Brain Tumor

Cited 3 times

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

All animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (Madison, WI). Female mice (C57BL/6) were purchased at 6-to-8 weeks of age from Taconic Biosciences, Inc. (East Greenbush, NY) and used for all experiments. Mouse experiments were repeated in two or more independent trials with at least 4 animals per treatment group in each trial; aggregate number of animals (n) is indicated. C57BL/6-Tg (Foxp3 DTR/EGFP) 23.2 Spar/Mmjax “DEREG” mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory (MMRRC; Bar Harbor, ME). Treg depletion with diphtheria toxin was achieved following a prior methodology, as reported elsewhere (13 (link), 27 (link), 30 (link)) by daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 1 μg diphtheria toxin (MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, MO) diluted in PBS for 2 days at day 14 and 15 postirradiation, to ensure presence of melanoma brain tumor prior to Treg depletion. We have previously demonstrated Treg depletion >40% knockdown by day 3 (1 day after completion of two DT injections of 1 μg) (13 (link)), with previously reported studies indicating >90% depletion by day 7 (31 (link)). At euthanasia, mice were dissected and grossly examined for brain tumor to verify no confounding effect of Treg depletion on autoimmunity and subsequent mortality (31 (link)).

Clark P.A., Sriramaneni R.N., Bates A.M., Jin W.J., Jagodinsky J.C., Hernandez R., Le T., Jeffery J.J., Marsh I.R., Grudzinski J.J., Aluicio-Sarduy E., Barnhart T.E., Anderson B.R., Chakravarty I., Arthur I.S., Kim K., Engle J.W., Bednarz B.P., Weichert J.P, & Morris Z.S. (2021). Low-Dose Radiation Potentiates the Propagation of Anti-Tumor Immunity against Melanoma Tumor in the Brain after In Situ Vaccination at a Tumor outside the Brain. Radiation research, 195(6), 522-540.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

About PubCompare

Our mission is to provide scientists with the largest repository of trustworthy protocols and intelligent analytical tools, thereby offering them extensive information to design robust protocols aimed at minimizing the risk of failures.

We believe that the most crucial aspect is to grant scientists access to a wide range of reliable sources and new useful tools that surpass human capabilities.

However, we trust in allowing scientists to determine how to construct their own protocols based on this information, as they are the experts in their field.

Ready to get started?

Revolutionizing how scientists
search and build protocols!