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29 protocols using advia 1200

1

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Markers in COVID-19

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TAS levels were measured using an auto-analyzer (Siemens ADVIA 1200; Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, IL, USA), following the method developed by Erel.9 (link)
The results are expressed as mmol Trolox equiv/L. TOS levels were also measured according to the method described by Erel, with an automated calorimetric process (Siemens ADVIA 1200).10 (link)
Results are expressed as µmol H2O2 equiv/L.
Antioxidative status indicator CAT activity was measured using a spectrophotometric method that is based on H2O2 decrement with degradation, as described by Aebi et al.11
(Siemens ADVIA 1200) and is expressed as IU/mL. MPO activity was measured with an auto-analyzer (Siemens ADVIA 1200) using the method described by Krawisz et al.12
and results are expressed as IU/mL.
The clinical condition of patients was standardized according to the Chinese National Health Commission clinical classification scoring system (Table 2).13 (link)
In all patients, chest computed tomography images were reviewed and evaluated according to the COVID-19 imaging reporting and data system (COVID-RADS) scoring system. This evaluation was conducted by a specialized radiologist who was blinded to patients’ clinical characteristics.14
We recorded the discharge status of patients as either EX or healthy at the end of the period in the ICU.
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2

Biochemical Markers Measurement Methods

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Glucose levels were measured using the hexokinase method. The enzymatic colorimetric assay was used to measure total and HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. LDL-cholesterol was calculated using the Friedewald equation, except for cases with elevated triglyceride levels (>400 mg/dL) when an enzymatic colorimetric assay was used (ADVIA 1200, Siemens). Creatinine was measured using Jaffe's method (ADVIA 1200, Siemens) (21 (link)).
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3

Calculating eGFR and Classifying CKD

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ACR was calculated from the 12 h urine samples obtained from urine albumin and creatinine concentrations 42 43 The kinetic Jaffe method (Advia 1200 Siemens, USA) was used to measure urine creatinine, and the immunochemical assay (BN II Nephelometer Siemens Dade Behring, USA) to measure urine albumin.
A 12 h fasting blood sample was drawn by venipuncture soon after the patient arrived at the baseline clinic visit. 42 43 Baseline creatinine was measured in serum specimens by the kinetic Jaffé method (Advia 1200 Siemens, USA), after applying a conversion factor derived from calibration samples traceable to isotopedilution mass 23 (link) spectrometry.
eGFR using the CKD-EPI equation 22 (link) was calculated as follows:
eGFRcreatinine ¼ 141  min(SCr=k; 1)a  max(SCr=k; 1)
Where SCr is serum creatinine (mg/dL), k is 0.7 if female and 0.9 if male and a is -0.329 if female and -0.411 if male, and min indicates the minimum of SCr/k or 1, and max indicates the maximum of SCr/k or 1.
On the basis of the results of the two Brazilian validation studies of the CKD-EPI equation, 25 26 we decided to apply the equation with the correction factor for race. Thus, the eGFR shown is without correction for race. Individuals with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (yes/no) and/or ACR ≥30 mg/g (yes/no) were classified as having CKD (yes/no).
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4

Melatonin Hepatotoxicity Assessment

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Hepatotoxicity of melatonin was accessed by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in plasma, measured by the kinetic-UV method using the ADVIA 1200 ™ Siemens® automation device and InVitro® reagents.
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5

Multiparametric Analysis of Metabolic Markers

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We analyzed different domains of markers: hematology (e.g., leukocytes), muscle physiology (e.g., bicarbonate, creatinine), metabolic activity (e.g., glucose, insulin) and intestinal function (e.g., zonulin, intestinal fatty acid binding protein). A list of the parameters in the heatmap (Figure 3), including abbreviations, is provided as Supplementary Material (Supplement 2). Hematologic markers were analyzed using Advia 1200 (Siemens). Other markers were measured using the Cobas 6000 (Roche) (Star-shl, Etten-Leur, Netherlands), according to standard procedures. Zonulin concentrations in serum were determined using an ELISA kit (Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany) and measured with an ELISA plate reader at 450 nm against 620 nm as reference (Wegh et al., 2019 (link)). Serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein (iFABP) levels were measured using a commercial human ELISA Test Kit (HK406, Hycult Biotech, Uden, Netherlands) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and analyzed with a multi-detector microplate reader VICTORTM X3 (PerkinElmer) using Workout v2.5 software.
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6

Chronic Kidney Disease Evaluation

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We used the continuous measurements of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) obtained in the baseline and wave 2, and the incident CKD (defined as GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 in wave 2, according with KDIGO 2012 (Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease) [9 ]. The GFR was estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation (CKD-EPI) [32 (link)] without correction for races, as detailed in Barreto et al. [15 (link)].
Creatinine was evaluated in serum samples by the kinetic method, according to Jaffé (Advia 1200; Siemens, Munich, Germany), by applying a conversion factor derived from the calibration sample for isotope dilution mass spectrometry, as recommended by the National Kidney Disease Education Program [33 (link)].
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7

Renal Function Assessment Protocol

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Renal function was assessed by the eGFR, estimated through the CKD-EPI equation, with one blood sample collection (22 (link)), and by MA, using the albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) with a 12-h urine collection. We considered abnormal renal function as eGFR<60 mL·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 and an abnormal MA as ≥30mg/dL (23 (link)). The kinetic Jaffé's method was used to measure urinary creatinine levels (Advia 1200 Siemens, USA), and the immunochemical assay was used to measure urinary albumin (BN II Nephelometer Siemens Dade Behring, USA). All analyses were performed at the University of Sao Paulo.
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8

Liver Injury Biomarker Assessment

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Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), were determined by an automated chemistry analyser (Siemens, ADVIA 1200) as markers of hepatic injuries.
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9

Diabetes Diagnosis Criteria in Biobank

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Blood samples were also obtained in the second follow-up (2016–2018) and were collected after a 12 h fast, stored in a freezer at −80 °C and sent to the certified central laboratory in São Paulo. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was administered to all participants without a known diabetes diagnosis [18 (link)]. Glycaemia was measured using the enzymatic colorimetric method (ADVIA 1200 Siemens, Deerfield, IL, USA), and glycated hemoglobin A1c was measured using high-pressure chromatography (HPLC-Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA).
Diabetes was defined as A1c ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol), fasting glycemia≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or OGTT ≥  200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L), according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria; by insulin and antidiabetic drug use; or by the self-reported medical diagnosis of diabetes.
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10

Automated Biomarker Measurement Protocol

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An Advia 1200 automated biochemistry analyzer (Siemens, Deerfield, IL, USA) was used to determine fasting and overload glucose levels, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured using nephelometry on a BN II nephelometer (Siemens, Vienna, Austria). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay on a Variant™ II system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
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