For the synthesis, hydrochloric acid (HCl) (36.5–38.0%, BAKER ANALYZED ACS), deionized water (Millipore, 18.2 MΩ cm), iron chloride II (FeCl2, 98%), iron chloride III (97%), a tetramethyl ammonium solution (C4H13NO, 25 wt% in H2O), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98%), a 28% ammonium hydroxide solution (NH4OH) and absolute ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) were all from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received without any purification.
Absolute ethyl alcohol
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany, United States
Absolute ethyl alcohol is a high-purity, anhydrous alcohol used in various laboratory applications. It serves as a solvent, reagent, and preservative, facilitating reactions and sample preparation. This product meets the quality standards required for use in controlled laboratory environments.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Glucose oxidase antibody, by Abcam (2 mentions)
Polyamide substrates, by GE Healthcare (2 mentions)
D glucose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Phosphate buffer, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetylthiocholine iodide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sulfanilamide, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dansyl chloride, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
N 1 naphthyl ethylenediamine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hplc grade acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Trichloroacetic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Thiobarbituric acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Triethylamine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Perchloric acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Hoechst 33342, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Peptone, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
L rhamnose, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
20 protocols using absolute ethyl alcohol
1
Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
2
En Face Aortic Atherosclerosis Quantification
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The extent of atherosclerosis was expressed as the percentage of plaque area in the aorta, which was determined by en face quantification as described in the literature.[16 (link)] Briefly, after fixation with 10% neutral formalin, the aorta was cut longitudinally, unfolded, and rinsed in 70% ethanol (the volume of absolute ethyl alcohol [Sigma-Aldrich]: the volume of distilled water = 7:3) for 3 min. Then, the aorta was stained with Sudan IV solution, which consisted of 0.1% Sudan IV (AMRESCO, Solon, OH, USA), 35% ethanol, and 50% acetone (Sigma-Aldrich) for 3 to 5 min, followed by destaining in 80% ethanol for 3 to 5 min. Thereafter, the stained aorta was splayed and pinned flat on a white plate. Images were captured using a digital camera (Canon Inc, Tokyo, Japan) in a fixed parameter and transferred to the computer. The atherosclerotic lesion area stained by Sudan IV (red stain) and total aortic surface area were measured using a computer-assisted image analysis system (NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA).
3
Chronic Ethanol's Impact on Novelty-Seeking Behavior
4
Fabrication of Enzyme-Functionalized Biosensors
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Polyamide substrates with a pore size of 200 nm and a thickness of 60 µm were obtained from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Piscataway, NJ, USA). The linker molecule dithiobis succinimidyl propionate (DSP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 1X phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were procured from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). Salt-free streptavidin from Streptomyces avidiini (≥13 units/mg protein), alcohol oxidase enzyme from Pichia pastoris (10–40 units/mg protein), glucose oxidase from Asperigillus niger (100,000–250,000 units/g), D-(+)-glucose, sodium L-lactate (~98% purity), absolute ethyl alcohol (≥99.5%), and sodium bicarbonate (≥99.7%) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). NHS-biotin was purchased from Vector laboratories (Burlingame, CA, USA). Glucose oxidase antibody was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Lactate oxidase (80 U/mg) was purchased from Toyobo USA. Synthetic sweat was prepared from the recipe described in M.T. Mathew et al. [20 (link)]. The pH range was varied by varying the concentrations of the constituents. Single donor human sweat of pH~6 was purchased from Lee Biosolutions Inc. (Maryland Heights, MO, USA). No preservatives were added to this product and it was stored at −20 °C. All alcohol, glucose, and lactate dilutions were made in synthetic sweat pH 6, 8, and in human sweat buffers.
5
Methacrylated Natural Polymers for Hydrogel Synthesis
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Natural polymers obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany and methacrylated using the protocol described in [65 (link)] were used to obtain the hydrogels: high-molecular-weight chitosan (CsMa, Mw = 310.000–375.000 Da, 21.2% degree of methacrylation); gelatin (GelMa, from porcine skin, Mw = 100,000 Da, 62.4% degree of methacrylation); dextran from Leuconostoc spp. (DexMa, Mw = 450.000–650.000 Da, 15.1% degree of methacrylation); and xanthan from Xanthomonas campestris (XMa, Mw = 458,000 Da, 9.5% degree of methacrylation). The monomers (acrylamide -Aam and N,N’-methylenebis (acrylamide), bisAam)) and the photoinitiator (Irgacure 2959 (2-Hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone)) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany. Absolute ethyl alcohol, the dialysis membrane (Mw = 12,000–14,000 Da), isopropanol, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 Ham, Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solution, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium), and PBS (phosphate-buffered saline, pH = 7.2) were provided by Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany. Other essential elements used in the study are the antitumor drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX, provided by Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany) and epidermal carcinoma cells A431 (acquired from the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC), Salisbury, United Kingdom).
6
Polyamide Substrate Biofunctionalization Protocol
7
Cytotoxicity Evaluation of M. zehntneri Extracts
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For this assay, the murine fibroblast cell line NIH/3T3 (ATCC CRL-1658TM, Manassas, VA, USA) was used. The 3T3 cell line was grown in 75 cm2 flasks with Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM-LGC) [28 (link)]. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 5 × 103 cells/well and allowed to attach overnight in 200 μL of medium with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (LGC) at 37 °C, 5% CO2. After 24 h, M. zehntneri extracts were added at different concentrations: 50, 100, and 250 μg/mL for a period of 24 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2. After this time, extracts were removed and 100 μL of fresh medium and 10 μL of 12 mM MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (Sigma-Aldrich, São Paulo, Brazil) dissolved in PBS were added. The cells were then incubated for 4 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2 and in order to solubilize the reduced MTT product it was added 100 μL of absolute ethyl alcohol (Sigma-Aldrich) to each well followed by thorough mixing. The absorbance at 570 nm was measured. The percentage of cell viability was calculated as:
Percentage of MTT reduction = (Abs of sample/Abs of control) × 100
Percentage of MTT reduction = (Abs of sample/Abs of control) × 100
8
Magnetic Nanocomposite Treatment of Wood
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The reagents used were iron (III) hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) ≥ 98% trademark purity Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2·4H2O) ≥ 98% trademark purity Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); ammonium hydroxide solution at 30% purity of the commercial brand LABQUIMAR (San Jose, Costa Rica); absolute ethyl alcohol of the trademark J.T. Baker (Madrid, Spain); and toluene of the trademark J.T. Baker (Madrid, Spain), all distributed by Industrial Casjim Costa Rica.
Sapwood from Pinus oocarpa, Vochysia ferruginea and Vochysia guatemalensis wood from fast-growing forest plantations in Costa Rica was used, which has been studied and showed good liquid permeability [26 (link)] and has also been tested due to its adequate absorption of different substances in the treatments toward the improvement of its properties [26 (link),27 ,36 (link)]. It is important to clarify that in this article, the magnetic permeability was not investigated; therefore, the permeability indicated in the article refers only to liquid permeability. Twenty selected sapwood boards were dried in a moisture content (MC) between 12–15%, from which samples of 6 cm long × 3 cm wide and 2 cm thick were prepared.
Sapwood from Pinus oocarpa, Vochysia ferruginea and Vochysia guatemalensis wood from fast-growing forest plantations in Costa Rica was used, which has been studied and showed good liquid permeability [26 (link)] and has also been tested due to its adequate absorption of different substances in the treatments toward the improvement of its properties [26 (link),27 ,36 (link)]. It is important to clarify that in this article, the magnetic permeability was not investigated; therefore, the permeability indicated in the article refers only to liquid permeability. Twenty selected sapwood boards were dried in a moisture content (MC) between 12–15%, from which samples of 6 cm long × 3 cm wide and 2 cm thick were prepared.
9
Platelet Activation Assay Protocol
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Fluorescently labelled CD62-PE, CD61-perCP antibodies and CellFix reagent were purchased from Becton Dickinson (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), glutaraldehyde, absolute ethyl alcohol, phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4 (PBS), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and sodium citrate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Saint Louis, MI, USA).
10
Neurochemical Analysis of Caffeine and Nicotine
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Caffeine was obtained from Global Chemie (Mumbai, India). It was dissolved in saline. Nicotine is nicotine hydrogen tartrate salt and was obtained from BDH Chemicals Ltd (England) and dissolved in saline. Thiobarbituric acid, trichloroacetic acid, perchloric acid, triethylamine, absolute ethyl alcohol, sulfanilamide, and N-1-naphthyl ethylene diamine were supplied by Sigma Aldrich. In addition, glutathione, acetylthiocho-line iodide, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, 5,50-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), and phosphate buffers were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Analytical-grade glacial acetic acid, dansyl chloride, lithium carbonate, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade acetonitrile were purchased from Fisher (UK). Standard amino acids and HPLC-grade methanol were supplied by BDH (England).
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