A total of 60 consecutive patients undergoing their first PVI for persistent AF were included in this prospective study. After completion of the first recruitment phase involving 30 patients, the derivation cohort, an interim analysis was performed. Subsequently, the validation cohort (n = 30) was enrolled. All patients underwent electrical cardioversion 4–6 weeks prior to PVI. In case of AF recurrence, patients were again electrically cardioverted in the early morning at admission. Subsequently, a TTE (GE ultrasound system E95, M5Sc probe, GE Healthcare, Solingen, Germany) was performed in sinus rhythm in the late afternoon one day prior to PVI in all patients. The following day, high-density voltage maps were acquired in sinus rhythm using an endocardial contact mapping system (CARTO-3, Biosense Webster, Irvine, CA, USA) prior to PVI. All patients underwent follow-up visits 6 and 12 months after PVI to assess arrhythmia recurrence. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee and all patients provided written informed consent prior to enrollment.
M5sc probe
Manufactured by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United States
The M5Sc probe is a compact and high-performance ultrasound transducer developed by GE Healthcare. It is designed to provide clear and detailed imaging of various anatomical structures during medical procedures. The M5Sc probe utilizes advanced ultrasound technology to capture real-time images, enabling healthcare professionals to make informed decisions and deliver effective patient care.
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4 protocols using m5sc probe
1
Imaging and Mapping in Persistent AF
2
Echocardiographic Evaluation of LAA
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Baseline clinical data were retrospectively collected by clinical chart review. All patients underwent baseline transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) was performed in all patients with planned endocardial LAA closure. During TOE, thrombotic material was classified as either sludge or manifest thrombus. TTE and TOE were conducted with a Vivid E95 (GE healthcare, USA) and a M5Sc probe for TTE and 6VT-D probe for TOE.
3
Comprehensive Echocardiographic Assessment of Severe Aortic Stenosis
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All patients underwent standard protocol 2D and 3D TTE using a Vivid E9 (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA) echocardiograph with an M5Sc probe (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA) for 2D imaging and the 4Vc-D volumetric probe (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA) for 3D imaging. Recorded images were stored for further off-line analysis using a dedicated workstation (EchoPAC, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA). All linear measurements were taken using virtual calipers. Diagnosis of severe aortic stenosis and all echocardiography measurements were performed according to the current recommendations [4 (link), 5 (link)].
The following LV geometry parameters and LV function indicators were assessed (Figure 1 ):
Additionally, we assessed parameters of aortic valve severity and grade of aortic and mitral regurgitation. All measurements were performed by two independent investigators and the mean of two values was calculated and reported as a final value.
The following LV geometry parameters and LV function indicators were assessed (
Additionally, we assessed parameters of aortic valve severity and grade of aortic and mitral regurgitation. All measurements were performed by two independent investigators and the mean of two values was calculated and reported as a final value.
4
Echocardiography Assessment of Cardiac Function
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All subjects received routine echocardiography examination. All subjects were in sinus rhythm at the time of echocardiography. Routine echocardiography image acquisition and data measurement were performed using the GE VividE9 ultrasound diagnostic system and M5Sc probe, whose frame rates were adjusted to the range of 1.5–4.6 MHz. LV end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), LV end diastolic volume (LVEDV), peak E, peak A, isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT), Em, and Am were measured in all subjects. LV mass index (LVMI) was assessed by LV mass, which was calculated using the Devereux formula divided by BSA. LVEF was calculated by the biplane Simpson’s method after images were obtained from the 4-chamber and 2-chamber sections of apical views. The E/A ratio, Em/Am ratio and E/Em ratio were calculated.
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