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5 protocols using tyrode s salts

1

Platelet Activation Assay by Flow Cytometry

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MKs were pelleted and resuspended in Tyrode’s Salts (Sigma) with 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) containing FITC-conjugated PAC-1 (BD Biosciences), PacBlue-conjugated CD42a (eBioscience), and APC-conjugated CD42b (eBioscience) at a concentration of roughly 100,000 cells per 50 μl. Following addition of Convulxin (Enzo Biochem) or Thrombin (Sigma), cells were incubated at room temperature in the dark for 10 min. Cells were then incubated on ice for 10 min. An additional 100 μl Tyrode’s Salts containing 0.1% BSA was added, and cells were immediately analyzed by flow cytometry.
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2

Rhod-3 Calcium Imaging of Injured Microtissues

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Immediately after injury (day 0) and on day 7 after injury, Rhod-3 Calcium Imaging Kit (Invitrogen) was applied to injured and control tissues according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, microtissues were incubated with dye solution at RT for 45 min, washed, and incubated another 45 min at RT to allow for ester cleavage. Samples were imaged in Tyrode’s salts with sodium bicarbonate (Sigma). Time-lapse videos of the microtissue’s spontaneous contractions were acquired at either 30 or 15 frames per second on a Nikon Eclipse Ti with a ×4 objective with an Evolve EMCCD camera in a humidified chamber at 37°C and 5% CO2. Regions of interest (ROIs) for the center region (299 μm × 199 μm) and edge region (100 μm × 100 μm) of microtissues selected and the change in intensity over time were measured. A two-frame moving average was taken to reduce noise. The amplitude of the calcium waveform was then calculated. As Rhod-3 is not a ratiometric dye, we normalized to the average amplitude for the center ROI of the control for each imaging session for better comparison between experimental replicates.
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3

Leukocyte-Endothelial Cell Adhesion Assay

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Recombinant mouse interleukin-1β (IL-1β), recombinant mouse ICAM-2 and recombinant mouse and human ICAM-1 were purchased from R&D systems (Abingdon, UK). Tyrode's salts was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, YK). R10 tissue culture medium was from Gibco (NY, USA). Anti-ICAM-2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) (3C4; rat IgG2a) and isotype control mAbs (rat IgG2a and rat IgG2b) were obtained from Serotec (Kidlington, UK). Anti-ICAM-1 mAb (YN-1; rat IgG2b) and anti-PECAM-1 mAb (C390; rat IgG2a) were from eBiosciences (Hatfield, UK). Anti-MAC-1 mAb (M1/70; rat IgG2b), Alexa-Fluor-488-labelled anti-ICAM-2 mAb (3C4; rat IgG2a) was purchased from Biolegend (Cambridge, UK). Monoclonal antibody Alexa Fluor conjugation kits and Calcein-AM were from Invitrogen (Paisley, UK), and the anti-PECAM-1, anti-VE-cadherin and anti-ICAM-1 mAbs were conjugated to either Alexa Fluor 488, 555 or 647 in-house.
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4

Rat Basophil Leukemia Cell Degranulation Assay

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Rat basophil leukemia (RBL) RS-ATL8 cell line transfected with the human high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRIH) [50 (link)] was kindly provided by Dr. Ryosuke Nakamura (Tokyo, Japan). Cells were plated (1.5 × 105 cells/well) on 96-well sterile tissue culture plates (Corning, New York, NY, USA) added with cell culture medium MEM supplemented with 10% FCS, 0.2 mM L-Glutamine, 100 U/mL Pen/Strep 0.2 mg/mL geneticin (Gibco, Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and 0.2 mg/mL hygromycin B (Invitrogen, Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and loaded with 1:10 diluted serum, previously heat-inactivated 25 min at 56 °C [51 (link)] and then incubated overnight at 37 °C, 5% CO2. For this experiment, sera from seven patients positive in ImmunoCAP to ragweed profilin within our study cohort were used. After washing with Tyrod Buffer containing Tyrode’s Salts (Sigma-Aldrich, Vienna, Austria) and 1.0 g/L NaHCO3, degranulation of RBL cells was induced upon stimulation with 6 different concentrations of rAmb a 8 and rArt v 4 (0.01–1000 ng/mL). nAmb a 1.01, produced as described [52 (link)], was used for control purposes. Buffer without allergens was used as the negative control. Results are shown as the percentage of total ß-hexosaminidase release. All measurements were performed in triplicate and represent means ± SDs.
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5

Curcumin-Lidocaine Topical Formulation

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All solvents (HPLC grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Ottawa, ON). Curcumin, lidocaine, amphoterecin B, Tyrode's salts and glutaraldehyde solutions were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St.Louis, MO,USA). The drugs docetaxel (DTX) and paclitaxel (PTX) were obtained from PolymedT Therapeutics (Houston, Tx, USA). Tritium-labeled DTX ( 3 H DTX) or PTX ( 3 H PTX) in ethanol was purchased from Moravek Biochemicals (Brea, CA, USA). Liquid scintillation fluid, CytoScint™-ES, was bought from MP Biomedicals (Irvine, CA, USA). Sodium cacodylate, and formaldehyde solutions (16%) were obtained from Canemco Inc. (Lakefield, QC, Canada). Control vehicles for dermal delivery were Glaxal Base Moisturizing Cream (WellSpring, GlaxalBase, ON, Canada) and PloGEL (Premium Lecithin Organogel, Transderma Pharmaceuticals Inc. Coquitlam, BC, Canada) and Labrasol (Gattefosse, Etobicoke ON, Canada). The pastes for perivesicular experiments were manufactured as previously reported 6 using 75% polymeric paste (60:40, MePEG: triblock copolymer), 20% EGCG or tannic acid and 5% dtx.
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