Xanthan gum

The APG 264 non-ionic surfactant was supplied by the BASF. The acetone, butanone, and Xanthan gum were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Dammam, Saudi Arabia). The physicochemical properties of acetone and butanone are given in Table 1. The ketones were 99.98% pure. The NaCl was 99.87% pure and purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Arabian light crude oil was used throughout this research and supplied by Saudi Aramco (Dhahran, Saudi Arabia). The Arabian light oil had a degree API of 31.14 and a density of 0.87 g/cc when measured at a room temperature of 23 °C. The viscosity was 19.8 cp at 25 °C.
Xanthan gum, the most common biopolymer, is commercially produced through the process of fermentation. It has a single glucuronic acid unit, two mannose units, and two glucose units of molar ratio 2.0, 2.0, and 2.8, respectively [14 (link)].

β-Lapachone was supplied by the Mazence Pharmaceutical Company (Suwon, Korea). Crospovidone (Kollidon CL), poloxamer 407 (Lutrol F 127), and poloxamer 188 (Lutrol F 68) were obtained from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Poly(acrylic acid) (Carbopol 940) was procured from Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. (Cleveland, OH, USA). Xanthan gum, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), sucrose, and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were purchased from the Sigma-Aldrich Company (St. Louis, MO, USA). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 was obtained from Daejung Chemicals and Metal Co., Ltd. (Siheung, Korea). Polydextrose was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA). Spray dried lactose was kindly provided by Whanin Pharm Co., Ltd. (Suwon, Korea). All other materials used were of pharmaceutical grade.

The matters consumed include lime by‐product of Rudan city (Persian lime) with harvest time 2016 also CAP, SCMC, xanthan gum, 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hesperidin from Sigma‐Aldrich and Folin–Ciocalteu and gallic acid from Merck and orange juice concentrate (Thompson navel variety) from Chinoud company produced in 2017.

PCL (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) and PLA (3001D, D content 1.6%) (NatureWorks, Minnetonka, MN, USA) in the form of pellets were dried for 3 h. Then, on the Borche BS60 device (Borche, Rancho Cucamonga, CA, USA), samples of 30 mm × 5 mm × 4 mm dimensions were processed by injection molding. Next, obtained samples were conditioned at room temperature for 24 h (21 °C, 40% humidity). Two media were prepared for degradation studies: phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4) and artificial saliva (AS) based on PBS, porcine gastric mucin (type III) (PGM), and xanthan gum (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) (pH 7.4), tested earlier [62 (link),63 (link)]. Subsequently, the pH of half of the prepared medium was reduced to pH 2 by adding the appropriate volume of hydrochloric acid. The PCL and PLA samples were separately immersed in the medium in sealed, plastic containers and placed in two incubators, the internal temperatures of which were 37 ± 0.5 °C and 42 ± 0.5 °C. Designations adopted in the article are presented in Table 1. The whole cycle of tests lasted 8 weeks; every 5 days the medium was changed for a fresh one for each sample (n = 5). The polymers were tested for time intervals of 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks.

Tamarind xyloglucan, carob galactomannan (high viscosity), beechwood xylan, mixed-linkage (1→3,1→4)-β-glucan (MLG) from oat (high viscosity), barley (high viscosity) and Icelandic moss (‘lichenan’) were purchased from Megazyme (Wicklow, Ireland), and xanthan gum and locust bean gum from Ceratonia siliqua seeds from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) were extracted from young carrots as described by Popper (2011) .

Voriconazole and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin were obtained as gift samples from Matrix Laboratories, Hyderabad (India), mucin from porcine stomach type II, sodium alginate, chitosan, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, poly vinyl alcohol, xanthan gum, guar gum, and gelrite were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Hi media Sabouraud Dextrose Agar was obtained from Deep Scientific laboratories, Chandigarh (India). Freeze dried strains Candida albicans (MTCC 227) and Aspergillus fumigatus (MTCC 2544) were obtained from MTCC, IMTECH Chandigarh (India). Fresh whole eyeballs of goat were obtained from local butcher's shop (Zirakpur, Punjab, India) within one hour of slaughtering of animal. All other chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade.