Intralipid

Manufactured by Fresenius

Sourced in Sweden, Germany, United States, United Kingdom

Intralipid is a parenteral nutrition product manufactured by Fresenius. It is a fat emulsion that provides calories and essential fatty acids for patients who require intravenous nutritional support.

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63 protocols using intralipid

Parenteral Nutrition in Acute Pancreatitis

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TPN macronutrients consisted of a 15% amino acid (B Braun, Melsungen, Germany), 70% dextrose, and 20% lipid solution with either Intralipid® (Intralipid® group; n = 5) (Fresenius Kabi, Uppsala, Sweden) or SMOFlipid® (SMOFlipid® group; n = 7) (Fresnius Kabi, Uppsala, Sweden). Micronutrients included potassium phosphate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium gluconate, and trace elements injection 5 (Multitrace-5, American Regent, Shirley, NY). TPN was initiated within the first 48 hours of AP support. Administration started at 1 mL/kg/day and increased to a maximum of 4 mL/kg/day over 2–4 days.

Harvey S.L., Fallon B.P., McLeod J.S., Matusko N., Rabah R., Arnold M.A., Rojas-Pena A., Bartlett R.H, & Mychaliska G.B. (2022). Hepatic Function in Premature Lambs Supported by the Artificial Placenta and Total Parenteral Nutrition. ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992), 68(7), 949-955.

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Tissue-Simulating Liquid Phantoms for Hemoglobin Characterization

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Each tissue-simulating liquid phantom was prepared by first mixing an Intralipid solution based on 15 ml of 20% Intralipid (Fresenius Kabi AB, Uppsala, Sweden) and 185 ml PBS, resulting in an approximate reduced scattering of

2.5 {mm}^{- 1}

at 550 nm. For each preparation of hemoglobin, 3 ml of undiluted WB, lysed hemoglobin, and 80 mg ferrous stabilized hemoglobin was added to the Intralipid phantom. All phantoms were heated to maintain a stable temperature around 34°C. Before beginning data collection, the phantoms were oxygenated for 20 min using a magnetic stirrer allowing for a complete oxygenation of all hemoglobin.

Majedy M., Saager R.B., Strömberg T., Larsson M, & Salerud E.G. (2021). Spectral characterization of liquid hemoglobin phantoms with varying oxygenation states. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 27(7), 074708.

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Preadipocyte Lipid Metabolism Protocol

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Preadipocytes were cultured on 35 mm multiwell dishes (6-well plates) in DMEM containing 10% FBS and penicillin-streptomycin 1% supplemented during 24 hours with 83.3 mg/dL Intralipid (200 mg/mL, Fresenius Kabi, Uppsala, Sweden), a soybean oil-based commercial lipid emulsion that is enriched predominantly with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA: 61%); specifically, the fatty acid composition of Intralipid is 54.7% linoleic, 20.9% oleic, 11% palmitic, 6.6% alpha-linolenic and 3.9% stearic [22 (link)]. The dose was chosen in agreement to that used in human parenteral nutrition assuming a distribution volume of 5 L.

Sánchez-Iglesias S., Unruh-Pinheiro A., Guillín-Amarelle C., González-Méndez B., Ruiz-Riquelme A., Rodríguez-Cañete B.L., Rodríguez-García S., Guillén-Navarro E., Domingo-Jiménez R, & Araújo-Vilar D. (2016). Skipped BSCL2 Transcript in Celia’s Encephalopathy (PELD): New Insights on Fatty Acids Involvement, Senescence and Adipogenesis. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0158874.

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Propofol Anesthesia in Alzheimer's Mouse Models

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Six-month-old APP/PS1, APP/PS1xYFPH, YFPH and wild-type mice were randomly allocated to propofol or vehicle treatment groups; and administered propofol (200 mg/kg; Norbrook® Laboratories, Australia PTY Ltd) diluted in Intralipid® (Fresenius Kabi Ltd., UKm 0338–0519) or a vehicle control (Intralipid®, Fresenius Kabi Ltd., UKm 0338–0519) intraperitoneally (IP) three times at 6 (representing pathology onset time-point), 7 and 8 months of age. All animals were then terminally anesthetized and perfused at 9 months of age. The dose of propofol administered (200 mg/kg) results in the loss of the righting reflex in > 95% of adult mice [56 (link)]. During anesthetic exposure the mice breathed spontaneously and were kept warm on a heating pad until they recovered and were mobile. Information regarding anesthetic induction and emergence time (indicating by the presence of the righting reflex) were collected for each propofol exposure. Statistical analysis of the average emergence time was performed; a student’s t-test (2 tailed, type 3; Microsoft Excel) with a p value of 0.05 considered statistically significant. Data generated from APP/PS1 or wild-type mice were not significantly different from that of APP/PS1xYFPH or YFPH mice, respectively; thus these data were pooled and designated APP/PS1 and control experimental groups.

Woodhouse A., Fernandez-Martos C.M., Atkinson R.A., Hanson K.A., Collins J.M., O’Mara A.R., Terblanche N., Skinner M.W., Vickers J.C, & King A.E. (2018). Repeat propofol anesthesia does not exacerbate plaque deposition or synapse loss in APP/PS1 Alzheimer’s disease mice. BMC Anesthesiology, 18, 47.

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Liquid Phantom Optical Properties

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Liquid phantoms with known optical properties are used in this study. Black India ink (Higgins black India ink #4418, Bellwood, IL) is added as light absorbers to simulate tissue absorption; while Intralipid (stock concentration 20% Intralipid, Fresenius Kabi, Uppsala, Sweden) is added as elastic scatterers to simulate tissue scattering properties. PpIX is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide before added to the liquid phantoms to get different final concentrations. During measurements, the light applicator was covered by transparent plastic foil to avoid liquid filling the space in between the two catheters. The dependence of the absorption coefficient on the black India ink concentration was determined by measuring the transmission of various concentrations of pure ink in water and found to be:

μ_{a} (665 n m) = 6.721 \times [i n k] c m^{- 1}

where [ink] is microliters of ink per milliliter of water. The scattering coefficient is related to Intralipids by:

μ_{s}' = 13.282 \times (% I L) c m^{- 1}

where (%IL) is the Intralipid concentration used (%IL = 20%*x/(x+y), where x is the volume (in l) of 20% stock Intralipid, y is the water volume (in l)).

Ong Y.H., Li A.C., Busch T.M, & Zhu T.C. (2021). Determination of the distribution of drug concentration and tissue optical properties for ALA-mediated anal photodynamic therapy. Proceedings of SPIE--the International Society for Optical Engineering, 11628, 1162806.

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Intralipid Phantom Characterization

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Six Intralipid (Fresenius Kabi, Germany) phantoms were constructed in 50-mL vials and diluted with purified water to FFs 0.625 %, 1.25 %, 2.5 %, 5 %, 10 %, and 20 % (undiluted Intralipid), respectively. Also, to include a fat reference for the fFF quantification, six soybean oil phantoms were prepared in identical vials. The phantoms were placed in a water bath and imaged using a head coil with four elements in a 1.5T scanner (MAGNETOM Avanto, Siemens Healthcare, Germany). Two multi-gradient-echo sequences with eight TEs were acquired with flip angles 10° and 85°, respectively. The other sequence parameters were: TR = 600 ms, TE 1 = 1.83 ms, ΔTE = 2.47 ms, FOV = 400 x 200 mm 2 , number of averages = 4, matrix = 256 x 128, and bandwidth = 1030 Hz/pixel. Three 5-mm slices were acquired and the voxel size in the reconstructed images was 5 x 1.6 x 1.6 mm 3 .

Peterson P., Romu T., Brorson H., Dahlqvist Leinhard O, & Månsson S. (2016). Fat quantification in skeletal muscle using multigradient-echo imaging: Comparison of fat and water references. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI, 43(1).

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Cardiovascular Effects of Lipid Infusion

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Study participants underwent three study visits, summarized in Figure 2. On the first visit, participants were randomized to receive either insulin/dextrose infusion or lipid emulsion (Intralipid™, Fresenius Kabi, UK) infusion after fasting overnight, with the other infusion given on the second visit at least seven days later, again after fasting overnight. The third visit consisted of the CRT implantation. Participants were fasted overnight as per clinical protocol and started on an insulin/dextrose infusion before the implant. During the implant, a pressure-conductance catheter was placed in the LV. Following the recording of pressure and conductance data, participants were switched onto an Intralipid™ infusion, with PV loops recorded again after 15 min of infusion.

Arvidsson P.M., Green P.G., Watson W.D., Shanmuganathan M., Heiberg E., De Maria G.L., Arheden H., Herring N, & Rider O.J. (2023). Non-invasive left ventricular pressure-volume loops from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging and brachial blood pressure: validation using pressure catheter measurements. European Heart Journal. Imaging Methods and Practice, 1(2), qyad035.

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Evaluation of Vascular Permeability

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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Evans blue, methylcellulose, 70 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated dextran were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Propofol (Diprivan®, AstraZeneca, London, British), dexmedetomidine (Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China), isoflurane (RWD Life Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China) and 10% fat emulsion (Intralipid®, Fresenius Kabi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China) were used in present study.

Chang H., Li S., Li Y., Hu H., Cheng B., Miao J., Gao H., Ma H., Gao Y, & Wang Q. (2020). Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine or propofol on gastrointestinal motility in lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemic mice. BMC Anesthesiology, 20, 227.

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Kidney Fixation Protocol via Intralipid

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Directly after the perfusion of the kidneys with either NS, HS or HO, 1.5 ml of Intralipid solution was injected. The Intralipid solution was prepared from Intralipid (Fresenius Kabi AB, Uppsala, Sweden) as described before^{2 (link)}. The left renal artery and vein was clamped and the kidney was fixed by subcapsular injection of Karnovsky’s fixative and sliced as described earlier^{5 (link)}.

Khramova A., Boi R., Fridén V., Granqvist A.B., Nilsson U., Tenstad O., Oveland E., Haraldsson B., Ebefors K, & Nyström J. (2021). Proteoglycans contribute to the functional integrity of the glomerular endothelial cell surface layer and are regulated in diabetic kidney disease. Scientific Reports, 11, 8487.

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Measuring Intestinal Cholesterol Flux in Mice

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C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Harlan (Horst, The Netherlands) and fed high-fat diet (HFD; 60% caloric intake from fat; Research Diet Services, Wijk Bij Duurstede, The Netherlands) supplemented with either vehicle or DGAT1 inhibitor (5 mg/kg diet) for 4 weeks. The fatty acid composition of the HFD is delineated in Table S1. Cholesterol flux experiments to measure TICE were performed as described [23 (link)].Briefly, mice were orally gavaged at day 0 with 1.5 µmol cholesterol-D5 (Medical Isotopes, Inc., Pelham, NH, USA) dissolved in MCT oil (Pharmacy UMCG, Groningen, The Netherlands) and were intravenously injected with 0.7 µmol cholesterol-D7 (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Andover, MA, USA) dissolved in Intralipid (20%, Fresenius Kabi, Den Bosch, The Netherlands). Blood spots were collected from the tail daily for 10 days. On day 10, mice were anaesthetized and hepatic bile was surgically collected for 20 min from the common bile duct via the gallbladder as described previously [23 (link)]. Tissues were excised and feces were collected from individual mice for 72 h prior to termination. Fecal NSL, BA, and FA concentrations were measured as described above.

Sachdev V., Leopold C., Bauer R., Patankar J.V., Iqbal J., Obrowsky S., Boverhof R., Doktorova M., Scheicher B., Goeritzer M., Kolb D., Turnbull A.V., Zimmer A., Hoefler G., Hussain M.M., Groen A.K, & Kratky D. (2016). Novel role of a triglyceride-synthesizing enzyme: DGAT1 at the crossroad between triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1861(9 Pt A), 1132-1141.

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